Children With Intellectual Disabilities Should Be Educated

Summary Students with an intellectual disability have been educated separate from students in general education classrooms for quite some time. Over time, many countries have adopted children with intellectual disabilities being educated in the general education classrooms. However, major differences can be seen in the utilization of inclusive education not only across countries, but even across the same country. United Nations Convention of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities support the idea that students with intellectual disabilities should be educated in general education classrooms. Switzerland is a country in which is less inclusive. In most Swiss provinces, majority of students with ID attend special schools or special classes†¦show more content†¦Numerous studies have demonstrated that the attitudes of typically developing students toward persons with disability become more positive as a result of the inclusion of children with disability (Maikowski Podlesh, 2009; Sipe rstein, Norins, Mohler, 2007). Despite the benefits, parents, teachers, and decision-makers are often worried by the possibility of negative effects of the inclusion of children with disability on the academic achievement of students without disability (Brackenreed, 2008; Peck, Carlson, Helmstetter, 1992; Subban Sharma, 2006). Kalambouka, Farrell, Dyson and Kaplan (2007) conducted a systematic review of the research on placing students with various special education needs (SEN) in general education classrooms on the academic achievement of students without disability. The findings of the studies were reported as being classified as positive, negative and neutral outcomes. 12 studies were found reporting neutral academic achievement, four reporting positive academic achievement and none reporting negative academic achievement outcomes. Rujis and Peetsma (2009) reported on four studies focused on the impact of including students with SEN on the academicShow MoreRelatedIntellectual Disabilities Essay683 Words   |  3 PagesIn reading chapter 8 on intellectual disabilities, I found that the field of intellectual disabilities has developed throughout the years. The term intellectual disabilities and mental retardation are used interchangeably. The term â€Å"mental retardation† is the federal definition used by IDEA, however many states today do not use the term. Many people do not use the term mental retardation because of its history. Long ago, students who were known to have â€Å"mental retardation† were put in special schoolsRead MoreThe Article Implications For Cld Children With Disabilities 868 Words   |  4 Pagesindividuals’ the freedom to express their thoughts and make decisions on the basis of their own basis. The article â€Å"Implications for CLD children with disabilities†, explains the significance of creating and implementing a society for children with cultural linguistic diversities and intellectual disabilities. In the United States it is imperative that our youth is to become educated, and obtain a degree of sorts. However for the families that suffer with culture shock as their child is adapting to the socialRead MorePeter Lives With An Intellectual Disability Caused By Down Syndrome1466 Words   |  6 Pagesbecoming an adult was everything but a straightforward task for him. Peter lives with an intellectual disability caused by Down Syndrome. This diagnosis is a genetic disorder caused by chromosome pair twenty-one that often results in severe developmental and intellectual delays. Additionally, Peter has issues with a hyperactive thyroid, bursts of Obsessive-Compulsive disorder, depression, and developmental issues that caused a severe delay in his speech. Due to these several health issues, he hasRead MoreSped Team1094 Words   |  5 P agesGrand Canyon University SPED Team Intellectual disabilities (ID) in education require proper planning, collaboration, communication, accommodations, modified lessons, and detailed individualized instructions. Intellectual disabilities affect many aspect of a person daily life with a variety of emotional, mental, social, and physical characteristics (Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. Foundation, n.d.). Intellectual disabilities are also known as mental retardation (National Institute ofRead MorePhysical Exercise and Cognitive Functioning in Children1691 Words   |  7 Pageslook at if physical exercise will help the healthy cognitive development in children and adolescence and this paper will illustrate that the same facts are true for children and adolescence, and will stress the importance of exercise for children optimal brain development and growth. The current studies show that physical activity has a positive effect on attention, neuroplasticity and intellectual development in children and adolescence. The studies also s eem to show the importance of physical activityRead MoreF Time : Family Life Cycle Transition Essay1357 Words   |  6 Pagestransition is a non-normative event that happens outside the expected life cycle and may cause trauma or a conflict to the family of the child with the disability. These events that happen are known as unexpected transitions which are experienced at an unanticipated or unusual time during the life cycle transition of a family who have a child with disabilities (Turnbull, Turnbull, Erwin, Soodak, Shogren, 2011). For example the demise of an older person may be considered a natural part of the life cycleRead MoreWhat Are The Pros And Cons Of Inclusion? Essay1720 Words   |  7 Pagesgoals and objectives of IDEA and No Child Left Behind Act. NCLB was enacted to ensure that all children have a fair, equal and significant opportunity to obtain high quality education. The problem arises, however, when children with disabilities have to take the same test as stu dents without disabilities. Savich stated that critics argue that this goal is unrealistic, and unfair. Students with disabilities cannot do well on these standardized tests. The results will be lowering of their self esteemRead MoreEducational Education And Special Education1556 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to the Foundation for People with Learning Disabilities, 89% of children with moderate learning difficulties, 24% of children with severe learning difficulties and 18% of children with profound multiple learning difficulties are educated in mainstream schools. Something so prevalent must surely be effective. However, that is not always the case. It’s disheartening watching these mainstreamed students struggle socially and academically. Either looked over or coddled by general educationRead MoreDisability On The Ontario Disability Support Plan1450 Words   |  6 Pagesgiven to individual who are on the Ontario Disability Support Plan (ODSP), as they do not get a lot of money to begin with. The cost of living for an individual with a disability is a lot higher than someone who is abled-bodied. ODSP never considers where that individual is living, depending if rent is higher in the city, more than half the money they receive monthly goes to rent and leave little to nothing for food and other cost. Learning about disability issues has broadened my previous knowledgeRead MoreSocial, Emotional and Intellectual Research Paper728 Words   |  3 Pagesexperiences and relationships with others have mayor impacts in how a child develops in these areas. Children are guided by emotions and social interactions. Consequently, these connections will guide their cognitive development. NAEYC states â€Å"that optimal development and learning in the early years will most likely occur when children establish positive and caring relationships with adults and other children† (Bredekamp Copple, 2009). Emotions make every person unique and original, they make us who

Baseball And The American Civil War Essay - 2363 Words

Baseball, a game played between two teams of nine on a field with a diamond-shaped series of four bases. A prestige and unique game that is played all over the world but most beloved in the United States, hence, why people refer to it as the national pastime due to its tradition and popularity. Baseball consists of many complex rules and an extended history. In order for one to fall in love with the game such as America has, one must understand the rules and history of baseball. Baseball originates back to 1800s, from a man named Abner Doubleday, who was a Union Officer during the American Civil War. Some say he invented the game in Cooperstown, New York, in 1839. There’s limited amount of information and facts on Doubleday being the original creator of the game. A more accurate response to the question of how baseball originates would be that many scholars believe that baseball was invented way before we can tell. In ancient cultures, such as those of the Persians and Egyptians, there is evidence of games being played with balls and sticks. Games similar to baseball continued to be played by civilizations throughout history but it was not until the early 1600s that Europeans first brought games involving a ball and a stick to the Americas. There were a number of various games played with a ball and a stick but the one that most resembled baseball was an English game called Rounders. The rules of Rounders are a lot simpler than the ones of modern day baseball but it was fromShow MoreRelatedBaseball And The American Civil War999 Words   |  4 Pagespolicy of Manifest Destiny (Iber et al., 2011). Latin America’s passion of baseball allegedly began at the end of the American Civil War and just before Cuba’s struggle for independence recognized as the Ten Years War from 1868 through 1878 (Arbena, 2011). According to Regalado (1987), this collective memory started when American sailors, who were stationed in Havana, persuaded a few local Cubans to take part in a game of baseball. Other scholars cite Cuban upper-class students such as Esteban BellanRead MoreWhy Baseball Is The National Pastime937 Words   |  4 Pagesenjoyment rather than for work. The Civil War soldiers are strong examples as to why baseball is the national pastime. The nervous anticipation that grips a solider as they prepare for battle. Their job consists of tasks that if performed incorrectly could result in fatalities. It is hard to imagine that an individual could block out the death and suffering that goes along with the job of being a civil war solider. This is why the stories of solider using baseball as a recreational pastime are amazingRead MoreA Brief History of America’s National Pastime679 Words   |  3 Pages19th Century Baseball website, author Eric Miklich writes that America’s pastime may have originated in Canada. Miklich tells the story of Dr. Adam E. Ford who wrote a letter about a game which had been played in 1838 which was described to have several key differences than baseball. Many people believe that baseball evolved from games played in England- mainly cricket and rounders. Others believe the German game of town ball is where it all started. October 6, 1845 was the first baseball game on recordRead More316 (4-5). Ms. Matthews . English Iv. 24 April 2017 . How1096 Words   |  5 Pages2017 How Baseball Changed Over Time Baseball changed over time when African Americans were able to join the game of baseball in the early 1840s when the game of baseball started. Only African American were able to play the game of baseball due to segregation. Most people did not even want African Americans to play baseball in the MLB they could have their own league but,not with whites because no blacks were allowed to communicate with them. Alexander Cartwright invented the game of baseball and theRead MoreJackie Robinson And The American Dilemma882 Words   |  4 PagesIn the biography Jackie Robinson and the American Dilemma by John R. M. Wilson, it tells the story of racial injustice done after world war II and explains how Jackie Robinson was pioneer of better race relations in the United States. The obstacles Jackie Robinson overcame were amazing, he had the responsibility to convert the institutions, customs, and attitudes that had defined race relations in the United States. Seldom has history ever placed so m uch of a strain on one person. I am addressingRead MoreAmerica s Favorite Pastime And Jackie Robinson Essay1661 Words   |  7 PagesAmerica’s Favorite Pastime and Jackie Robinson The game of baseball has been intertwined in our history. It has been there through the wars and the civil rights movements. The game has seen it all. There have been great players who have put their career’s on hold to fight for their country. â€Å"More than 500 major league baseball players during World War II, including stars like Ted Williams, Stan Musial and Joe DiMaggio†. There is one player that didn’t have to put his career on hold to fight for hisRead MoreCivil Rights Movement : Jackie Robinson1477 Words   |  6 PagesCivil rights was an important American issue through the late 40s through the 60s. During this time period Baseball was â€Å"America’s Pastime, â€Å"and a major social get together for white Americans. However in 1947 both of these event were combined when the Brooklyn Dodgers gave Jackie Robinson a chance to play professional baseball. Jackie Robinson is the target of my biography. Robinson not only was the first African Amer ican baseball player, but he also had a hall of fame career, and eventually hadRead MoreJim Crow Laws For African Americans From Performing The Same Daily Activities1704 Words   |  7 PagesJim Crow laws prevented African-Americans from performing the same daily activities as whites did. Some of these activities included African-Americans not being able to use the same bathrooms, entrances, or water fountains as whites. Jim Crow laws had a large impact on baseball. African-Americans were not able to play in Major League Baseball. Because of this many all black baseball teams were formed. These teams eventually led to the formation of many negro baseball leagues throughout the United StatesRead MoreEssay on Baseball613 Words   |  3 PagesBaseball As I sat and watched the college world series this weekend I began to wonder about baseball and several questions came to mind: where did we get the game of baseball? Who should we give credit to for the formation of the game we see today? How has it withstood the tests of wartime? And what helped this game thrive to what it is today, the nation’s pastime? Baseball grew out of various ball and stick games that had been played throughout the United States during the first halfRead MoreEssay on A Brief History of America’s National Pastime1708 Words   |  7 PagesYankees were up two games to none on the Chicago Cubs. In the fifth inning, with the score tied four-four, many of the nearly 50,000 fans, and even players in the Chicago dugout, began taunting and heckling the batter. What happened next went down in baseball history as one of the most famous and controversial at-bats. The batter was none other than Babe Ruth, who, with two strikes and two balls, stepped out of the batters box and gestured toward the outfield as if to show where he was going to hit the

Changes in Farming Post Civil War Free Essays

Changes in Farming: Contributing factors in farming changes post Civil War After the Civil War there were many factors that contributed the changes that occurred in farming in America. Among them was the drive for the South to renew and regain what had been lost due to the war. Leaders saw it as a time to diversify and turn towards industrialization. We will write a custom essay sample on Changes in Farming Post Civil War or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Industrial revolution was underway and with it brought many new inventions that would lead to growth in the farming industry. The wide open space between the East and the West called â€Å"The Frontier† was open for homesteading. New immigrants with their farming knowledge and ability were flooding the East and West gates of the U. S. This was a time in American history when Americans made the â€Å"American dream† what it is today. The end of the Civil War in 1865, fought between the North and the South, spurred many changes in farming in the South. The changes occurred rather quickly and started in what was referred to as The New South. The New South, wanting to keep the Union of the North at bay and decided diversification was the key. Before the Civil War Cotton was a thriving crop in the South that gave the region a sense of power. Many southerners blamed cotton for its losses caused by the Civil War and some might speculate that without this crop, also know as â€Å"King Cotton†, the Civil War may not have taken place. After the Civil War the South was left to rebuild and reestablish what had been destroyed. Many leaders also saw this as a time for economic growth. The south had very good soil for other crops to thrive in. First of the many changes in the New South was the resurgence of tobacco. The discovery of two new tobaccos named Bright leaf and Burley helped increase the tobacco production and market. Other changes to follow were the growth in products such as Louisiana sugar cane, rice, Southern Pine trees, clay, coal, glass and stone products. The introduction of Hydroelectricity which is electricity produced by water served in the process of industrializing The New South. Changes in Farming 3 Before the Civil War slaves worked the fields and did most of the farming work in the South. After the slaves were freed in 1863, the South had to make changes to supply labor for the farming. Many shady practices by the white man occurred because of this. Sharecropping and crop liens were eveloped to keep the black man somewhat under their control. Since freed slaves had no money and no place to live, land holders would allow a tenant to live on their property and worked the land in exchange for a share of the crop produced, also known as sharecropping. The crop lien system was a developed to allow farmers to receive goods such as food, supplies, and seeds to be paid for after the crop wa s produced. This kept the black man and poor white farmers in a constant form of debt. Cotton still played a big part in the growth of farming in the south. There was a high demand for textiles and cotton mills increased production of cotton bales up to 1,479,000 bales per year. While these changes were occurring in the South, many changes in farming were also taking place in other parts of the nation. The government wanted to encourage settlement in the vast areas of the country not yet populated. The Homestead Act helped shape the western landscape. This act allowed farmers to claim up to 160 acres of land. Farmers would stake a claim to a parcel of land and by living on it for five years would be free and clear to take title of the land. Or the farmer could buy the land for $1. 25 per acre after living on it for six months. This opportunity attracted many to move west in the aftermath and destruction the Civil War caused in the South. As settlers moved west towards The Great Plains region they discovered it did not have the water supply and rich soil the South possessed. This area also had other downfalls in contrast to the South. Temperature fluctuations, hail, wind, and swarms of locusts that made farming quite difficult in this area. The farmers adapted to the conditions of the plains by changing what they farmed, turning to grains such as sorghum and wheat; both crops that did not require much water. The immigrants from Changes in Farming 4 Russia, who were used to this climate, brought valuable knowledge of farming techniques. The Russians also introduced new wheat called Red Turkey to the area. The changes in this area and the crops produced here inspired new farming inventions needed to plow and till the grains which created new business opportunities. Since much of this area was more suitable for grazing then for farming crops, farmers turned to cattle ranching. There were millions of long horn cattle, left from the old Spanish settlers, which roamed free. Ranchers would hunt these cattle for their hide at first. The job of the cowboy was created to herd up the cattle and drive them to different areas of the country. Many cattle trials were created that ran from central Texas to Kansas, central Texas to New Mexico and to Wyoming to name a few. Abilene, Kansas was one of the first towns that were a center for Cattle shipment. With the invention of barbed wire in 1874 ranchers began to fence cattle in large areas. And with the building of the transcontinental railroad system the need for the cowboy decreased. The railroad could transport the cattle to the needed destinations. With the invention of the air-cooled train car meat packers began shipping slaughtered meat. Local farms were no longer required to produce perishable foods since these items could arrive by train as well. The Mississippi Valley region, Minnesota, and North Dakota took advantage of the new benefits the railroad system offered, and farmers changed their views of farming. They no longer had to produce everything they needed on their land and turned their focus to making a business out of their farms. Instead of producing a variety of crops they focus on one cash crop such as cotton, wheat, or corn. They could mass produce their crops to be shipped by rail all over the country and shipped by boat worldwide. Farming became more of a factory and required the purchase of more machinery to Changes in Farming 5 produce their product. America quickly became the world’s largest producer of fruits, vegetables, and meats. California was busy producing fruits and vegetables of their own as well by farmers and settlers who were attracted West by the gold rush. The promise of the great frontier, the reorganization of the South, and the industrial revolution were all big contributing factors to changes in farming after The Civil War. But I believe the largest contributing factor was the creation of the railroad system that crisscrossed across the country. It transformed the way people farmed, thought, invented, traveled, and lived. By the time it was finished there as many miles of tracks across America as the rest of the world put together. The visible changes the Railroad system created were remarkable. It contributed to the 19th century being the century of the greatest changes in U. S. history to date. American farmers were very hard-working people with big dreams of a new life and making it on their own. They possessed the right traits to survive in the frontier such as risk taking, self-reliance, and the drive to succeed. I believe Americans still have these traits today and have so many opportunities give more changes to come here in the United States of America. References This link leads you to a page describing tenant farming and share cropping in depth. http://digital. library. okstate. edu/encyclopedia/entries/T/TE009. html A link to Georgia’s cotton history from the state’s encyclopedia http://www. georgiaencyclopedia. org/nge/Article. jsp? id=h-2087 This link will bring you to information on the gilded age http://www. academicamerican. com/recongildedage/topics/gildedage1. html The text book provided online for unit 1 US History 2 http://www. hippocampus. org/US%20History%20II How to cite Changes in Farming Post Civil War, Papers

Malaria Incidence

Question: Discuss about the Malaria Incidence. Answer: According to World Health Organization report on December, 2016 malaria is one of the life-threatening diseases that are caused by parasites transmitted through bites of female Anopheles mosquitoes through people (Cullen 2016). In the year 2015, around 91 countries had malaria transmission (Who 2014). Between the years 2010 to 2015, the global malaria incidence among the population with new cases rate fell by 21% and the mortality rates also fell by 29% among the populations at risk among the age groups and 35% among the children below the age of five (Barber et al. 2017). Malaria is caused by Plasmodium falciparum most prevalent in African continent with maximum number of malaria-related death and P. vivax being dominant in most countries causing malaria in humans. The symptoms include acute febrile illness, fever, chills, headache and vomiting appearing seven days after the mosquito bite. According to WHO report, half of the worlds population was at malaria risk with major mortalit y rates in sub-Saharan Africa (Bhatt et al. 2015). There are some population groups who are at high risk for contracting malaria like children below the age of five, patients with AIDS/HIV, pregnant women, non-immune migrants, travellers and mobile populations. During the year 2015, there were 212 million malaria cases and 429,000 malaria-related deaths (Mnard et al. 2016). Vector control intervention is the best way to prevent and control the malaria transmission with insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor residual spraying that are effective in many circumstances. The early diagnosis and treatment of malaria reduces the burden of disease and mortality rates. This shows that malaria is a public health concern and therefore, the following essay involves the control and eradication or elimination of malaria to ensure evidence-based public health practice. According to WHO, the malaria transmission majorly occurs in five regions. On a global basis, approximately 3.2 billion in 95 countries are at risk for malaria infection and developing the disease being 1.2 billion people (Agarwal et al. 2015). According to World Malaria Report 2015, globally there were 214 million malaria cases and 438,000 malaria deaths which indicate that there was a decrease in the malaria cases and deaths with 37% and 60%, respectively since 2000. The burden of the disease was heaviest in the African Region, where there were around 90% malarial cases and malaria related deaths in children below the age of five accounting for more than two thirds of deaths worldwide (Griffin, Ferguson and Ghani 2014). The prevalence of malaria worldwide shows that it majorly contributes to the burden of disease and has a major impact on the health of the people. Malaria takes a heavy toll of human life and imposes substantial costs to the government, being the burden of disease. It is one of the biggest health problems that grossly affect the health, morbidity and mortality rates and economy of the developing countries. According to Global Malaria Action Plan 2014, malaria is one of the most severe health concerns among the public being the leading cause of death in the developing countries (Hemingway et al. 2016). It is also imposing economic burden that includes maintenance and supply of staffs for health facilities, drugs purchase and supplies and public health interventions in order to prevent and control malaria. The direct costs like treatment and premature death pose serious implications on the economic growth in terms of growth and productivity. According to Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) the people who have no or little immunity against malaria are the most vulnerable groups where pregnant women and young children are then most affected groups (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2013). Apart from health and economic burden, the policy makers are aggressively trying to control malaria because of its high morbidity and mortality rates reaching at an alarming stage. Despite of tremendous progress made in order to prevent and control malaria transmission, it is still an acute public health issue. It contributes to anaemic condition in children below the age of five and pregnant women resulting in low birth weight of the newborns. The existing strategies are trying to reach the people and communities who are at risk for malaria with core interventions to save lives suffered with malaria. According to WHO, new strategies are being adopted to prevent and control malaria. The most promising approach is the integrated vector management (IVM) that reinforces and links the public health and environment providing optimum benefits to both the elements (Chanda et al. 2017). The IVM strategies provide greatest control over the disease in an effective way that minimizes the negative impacts on the environment and the adverse effects on the public health. The WHO Global Strategic Framework defines the IVM strategy as an effective multi-disease control that stresses on understanding of ecology of the local vector and local patterns in transmission of disease and finally choosing of the appropriate vector control tools for the vector control. It also encompasses environmental management strategies that aim to eliminate or reduce the vector breeding grounds through operation of water development projects through improved design. The biological controls like larvivorous fish or bact erial larvicides that targets and kills the larvae vector without causing any harm on the environment due to chemical use (World Health Organization 2014). This framework also comprises of improved prevention or personal protection strategies that combine the environmental tools with chemical tools like insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) with accessible and affordable diagnosis and treatment of malaria. In order to control malaria, WHO has provided the IVM approach that is effective in controlling the malarial vector and in linking the public health and environment. It is a dynamic method that is still evolving and encourages controlling the vector via a single method. It is a cost-effective method that significantly co-benefits the local economies and linking health with better economic outcomes. IVM framework for vector control is highly dependent on local malarial vector behaviour, environmental conditions and patterns of disease transmission. The better designing of irrigation schemes, dams that allow alterations and flow and level of water with better flushing of reservoirs that would help to reduce the vector habitats. The irrigation schemes permit intermittent field irrigation and alternation between non-irrigated and irrigated crops proves successful in controlling the Anopheles mosquitoes in many regions that grows rice like India, China and parts of Asia. It disrupts the b reeding cycles of the vectors and environmental modification helps to control the malarial vector (Tesfazghi et al. 2015). The environmental manipulation like shade, drainage patterns and time-limited local vegetation changes proves an effective way to reduce the malarial vector habitats. The formation of shades over the breeding habitats of vectors which prefers sunlight can help to reduce the propagation of the vector. Conversely, the malarial vectors that thrive in shades, removal of weeds, overgrowth would significantly reduce the potential of breeding and vector abundance (Benelli and Mehlhorn 2016). The human settlement away from the breeding areas of malaria can reduce transmission as the vectors do not travel much away from their breeding zones. The better control and management of man-made sites where mosquitoes reproduce like bore holes and water wells helps in reducing the breeding that is close to the human settlements (Killeen et al. 2016). Apart from environmental malarial management, biological controls also kill the larvae or the mosquitoes in a targeted manner. Among the controls, the application and maintenance of stocks of biolarvicides like Bacillus sphaericus and Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis that feed on the mosquito larvae helsp to control the malarial vector (Kumar et al. 2014). The Neem oil is also a successful biolarvicide that is extracted from the seeds in controlling the malarial vector. Along with these controls, chemical tools are also important in the areas of dense vector densities and intense disease transmission that have an impact on the diseas e incidence. The methods include space spraying; indoor residual spraying reduces the transmission of the disease by interrupting or shortening the adult vector lifespan as proposed by The Health and Environment Linkages Initiative (HELI). It also helps to keep the population of the vectors down through the application of chemicals over the breeding places and use of ITNs like covering beds, protective nets impregnated with insecticides, water container and living quarters. The role of public in malaria control fails due to market and information failure, externalities, monopoly that implies a role for public action. However, there is a need for community participation where the communities in collaboration with public should work towards the control of malaria by creating awareness through programs and campaigns (Mnzava et al. 2014). In the recent years, early diagnosis and prompt treatment is the key to control malaria and radical treatment necessary for preventing the malarial transmission. The anti-malarial drug like chloroquine is effective for uncomplicated malaria. The Fever Treatment Depots (FTDs) and Drug Distribution Centres (DDCs) established in rural areas serves to provide the anti-malarial drugs to the public and community. There are strategies and policies for controlling malaria that are recommended by WHO which focus on malaria control and prevention. The strategic malaria control emphasizes on two domains; prevention and management. They work to stop the transmission of parasite from the vector to humans and in the development and severity of the disease (Peters 2013). The Malaria Policy Advisory Committee (MPAC) along with WHO recommended policy development to control and eliminate malaria through identification of the priority areas and challenges for the achievement of global malaria goals. The vaccine development is also an effective and safe way to control malaria. However, the complexity of the parasites nature with understanding of the critical processes like disease pathogenesis and host immune protection is difficult and so the vaccine development is hampered. Moreover, currently there is no licensed vaccine against malaria or any vaccine for parasitic disease. The anti-malarial drugs development resulted in controlling and reducing the endemic malaria worldwide. However, the emergence of drug resistance in parasites poses a critical priority in the agenda of malarial research. The improved and new diagnostics are effective for malarial control. The labour intensive methods like analyzing blood smears with better diagnostic tools and highl y trained technicians pose challenges in the diagnostics in terms of drug resistance (WHO, M.P.A.C 2016). According to Malaria Foundation International, the malaria control cannot programs and interventions cannot be achieved until there is decentralization, capacity building through community participation in public health practice. By adopting evolutionary operation where there is constant adaptation and tuning of management approaches and harnessing of local knowledge in the key to control and prevent malaria (Kobayashi et al. 2015). For the elimination or eradication of malaria, the anti-malarial drug and vaccine development, surveillance and diagnostics are some of the novel malarial tools that accelerate eradication. The WHOs Malaria Policy Advisory Committee adopted the goal for eliminating the P. falciparum in the subregions by 2030. It has developed the malaria elimination plans that help to eliminate or eradicate the malaria from the developing countries. Effective surveillance is important for tracking the disease and in developing the programmatic responses. High surveillance systems help to assess the disease trends and distribution in the developing countries that are greatly affected by malaria. It is required at every point in the malaria elimination path by empowering effective programs. The advocating for investment, allocation of resources to the populations at risk, assessment of the interventions, impact of funding and evaluation of programs for the efficient elimination of malaria (World Health Organization 2014). The malarial elimination is defined as the local transmission interruption in a geographical area. The elimination program depends on the health system of a particular country with level of investment in the control and other factors like environmental, social, biological determinants, political, demographic and economic status of a particular country. The elimination approach through surveillance ensures that every malaria infection is detected, treated and registered in national malaria registry. The effective diagnosis and treatment of malaria along with anti-malarial medicines helps to prevent and control disease transmission in the community. In May 2015, The WHO Global Technical Strategy for Malaria 2016-2030 adopted by the World Health Assembly provides a technical framework for the endemic malaria that is intended to support and guide the control and elimination of malaria (Ramsay, Olliaro and Reeder 2016). The elimination of malaria is interruption of transmission at local level that is reduction of the incidence to zero in indigenous cases of a specific malaria parasite in a particular geographical area. By enhancing and optimising the prevention and treatment of malaria measures and by strengthening the surveillance system, the high burden countries can eliminate malaria. In some developing countries, there is high prevalence of malaria among the mobile populations and travellers who are beyond the reach of the international borders. The infections are imported by these migrants and visitors which also required strict surveillance for the timely diagnosis and treatment (Griffin et al. 2016). The digital epidemiology modelling called geospatial mapping and reporting of malarial cases through mobile phones and tracking of patient status helps in the surveillance of malaria for effective elimination. The identification of the threats to the control and elimination of malaria serves for the new areas for action plan. The drug development that involves transmission blocking vaccine is an innovative method that might help in the malaria elimination post 2025. A transparent, credible and responsive policy for malaria elimination also serves to provide technical input and strategic advice for malaria elimination (Brady et al. 2015). There are some proposed innovative technologies like development of new drugs that targets the molecular markers of resistance like artemisinin resistance, single dose drug like Tafenoquine, OZ439 and OZ Ferroquine may be helpful in the path to malaria elimination in the future by 2030. The vector control through indoor residual spraying of Chlorfenapyr, pyrethroid long lasting insecticide-treated net (LLIN) and crop protection are some novel vector control methods (Tanner et al. 2015). The addition of new active ingredients from the agrochemicals with spatial repellents, insecticidal paints and toxic barrier screens and sugar baits can serve as vector control vaccines in the elimination of malaria. The diagnostic tools like hyper-sensitive diagnostic test (IDT) for the identification of asymptomatic carriers along with non-invasive diagnostic methods for the screening of mass population might aid in eradication of malaria worldwide (Britton, Cheng and McCarthy 2016). Behavioural res istance is less compared as physiological resistance where the mosquito contact the insecticide, however not killed and it is a challenge for the government to control and eliminate malaria. In instances where behavioural resistance is detected, there is a need to target the bionomic vulnerabilities that may exist during mating, larval stages, sugar feeding or any other aspect in the vectors lie cycle can drive toward elimination. For the elimination of malaria, the most important challenge is to link the public and private sector activity. On one hand, the private delivery of drugs and ITNs provides an opportunity to extend coverage and primarily focus on the needs of the public sector and at the same time, there are many deficiencies in the private sector like quality and outreaching of the resources through networks that must be recognized. The funding and delivery of resources through public sector channels would help to eliminate malaria through binding of public and private sectors (Liu et al. 2013). Malaria is one of the life-threatening disease that has taken a toll over the human life and is high prevalent in many countries. It has contributed to the burden of disease and has an impact on the human life. There are many existing strategies like vector control management, biological controls in which larvivorous fish or bacterial larvicides target the larvae of the vector, environmental manipulation and human settlement away from breeding areas are the strategies adopted by WHO. For the eradication of malaria, vaccines, anti-malarial drugs and many innovative technologies can help in the near future. In addition, the collaboration of government with public and private sector ca n help to control and eradicate malaria from the countries. References Agarwal, K., Alonso, P., Chico, R.M., Coleman, J., Dellicour, S., Hill, J., Majeres-Lugand, M., Mangiaterra, V., Menendez, C., Mitchell, K. and Roman, E., 2015. Global Call to Action to scale-up coverage of intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy: seminar report.Malaria journal,14(1), p.206. Barber, B.E., Rajahram, G.S., Grigg, M.J., William, T. and Anstey, N.M., 2017. World Malaria Report: time to acknowledge Plasmodium knowlesi malaria.Malaria Journal,16(1), p.135. Benelli, G. and Mehlhorn, H., 2016. Declining malaria, rising of dengue and Zika virus: insights for mosquito vector control.Parasitology research,115(5), pp.1747-1754. Bhatt, S., Weiss, D.J., Cameron, E., Bisanzio, D., Mappin, B., Dalrymple, U., Battle, K.E., Moyes, C.L., Henry, A., Eckhoff, P.A. and Wenger, E.A., 2015. The effect of malaria control on Plasmodium falciparum in Africa between 2000 and 2015.Nature,526(7572), pp.207-211. Brady, O.J., Godfray, H.C.J., Tatem, A.J., Gething, P.W., Cohen, J.M., McKenzie, F.E., Perkins, T.A., Reiner, R.C., Tusting, L.S., Scott, T.W. and Lindsay, S.W., 2015. Adult vector control, mosquito ecology and malaria transmission.International health,7(2), pp.121-129. Britton, S., Cheng, Q. and McCarthy, J.S., 2016. Novel molecular diagnostic tools for malaria elimination: a review of options from the point of view of high-throughput and applicability in resource limited settings.Malaria journal,15(1), p.88. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013.CDC Health Information for International Travel 2014: The Yellow Book. Oxford University Press. Chanda, E., Ameneshewa, B., Bagayoko, M., Govere, J.M. and Macdonald, M.B., 2017. Harnessing Integrated Vector Management for Enhanced Disease Prevention.Trends in Parasitology,33(1), pp.30-41. Cullen, K.A., 2016. Malaria surveillanceUnited States, 2013.MMWR. Surveillance Summaries,65. Griffin, J.T., Bhatt, S., Sinka, M.E., Gething, P.W., Lynch, M., Patouillard, E., Shutes, E., Newman, R.D., Alonso, P., Cibulskis, R.E. and Ghani, A.C., 2016. Potential for reduction of burden and local elimination of malaria by reducing Plasmodium falciparum malaria transmission: a mathematical modelling study.The Lancet Infectious Diseases,16(4), pp.465-472. Griffin, J.T., Ferguson, N.M. and Ghani, A.C., 2014. Estimates of the changing age-burden of Plasmodium falciparum malaria disease in sub-Saharan Africa.Nature communications,5. Hemingway, J., Ranson, H., Magill, A., Kolaczinski, J., Fornadel, C., Gimnig, J., Coetzee, M., Simard, F., Roch, D.K., Hinzoumbe, C.K. and Pickett, J., 2016. Averting a malaria disaster: will insecticide resistance derail malaria control?.The Lancet,387(10029), pp.1785-1788. Killeen, G., Marshall, J.M., Kiware, S.S., South, A.B., Tusting, L.S., Chaki, P.P. and Govella, N.J., 2016. Measuring, manipulating and exploiting behaviours of adult mosquitoes to optimize malaria vector control impact.BMJ Global Health. Kobayashi, T., Gamboa, D., Ndiaye, D., Cui, L., Sutton, P.L. and Vinetz, J.M., 2015. Malaria diagnosis across the International Centers of Excellence for Malaria Research: platforms, performance, and standardization.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene,93(3 Suppl), pp.99-109. Kumar, P.M., Murugan, K., Kovendan, K., Subramaniam, J., Panneerselvam, C. and Amerasan, D., 2014. Larvicidal and Pupicidal Activity of Orthosiphon thymiflorus and Spinosad for the Control of Malarial Vector, Anopheles Stephensi.Advances in Biotechnology and Patenting, p.259. Liu, J., Modrek, S., Gosling, R.D. and Feachem, R.G., 2013. Malaria eradication: is it possible? Is it worth it? Should we do it?.The Lancet Global Health,1(1), pp.e2-e3. Mnard, D., Khim, N., Beghain, J., Adegnika, A.A., Shafiul-Alam, M., Amodu, O., Rahim-Awab, G., Barnadas, C., Berry, A., Boum, Y. and Bustos, M.D., 2016. A worldwide map of Plasmodium falciparum K13-propeller polymorphisms.New England Journal of Medicine,374(25), pp.2453-2464. Mnzava, A.P., Macdonald, M.B., Knox, T.B., Temu, E.A. and Shiff, C.J., 2014. Malaria vector control at crossroads: public health entomology and the drive to elimination.Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, p.tru101. Peters, W. ed., 2013.Antimalarial Drugs I: Biological Background, Experimental Methods, and Drug Resistance(Vol. 68). Springer. Ramsay, A., Olliaro, P. and Reeder, J.C., 2016. The need for operational research and capacity-building in support of the Global Technical Strategy for Malaria 20162030.Malaria journal,15(1), p.235. Tanner, M., Greenwood, B., Whitty, C.J., Ansah, E.K., Price, R.N., Dondorp, A.M., von Seidlein, L., Baird, J.K., Beeson, J.G., Fowkes, F.J. and Hemingway, J., 2015. Malaria eradication and elimination: views on how to translate a vision into reality.BMC medicine,13(1), p.167. Tesfazghi, K., Hill, J., Jones, C., Ranson, H. and Worrall, E., 2015. National malaria vector control policy: an analysis of the decision to scale-up larviciding in Nigeria.Health policy and planning, p.czv055. WHO, M.P.A.C., 2016. Malaria Policy Advisory Committee to the WHO: conclusions and recommendations of eighth biannual meeting (September 2015).Malaria journal,15(1), p.117. Who., 2014.World malaria report 2013. World Health Organization. World Health Organization, 2014. From malaria control to malaria elimination: a manual for elimination scenario planning. World Health Organization, 2014.Antimicrobial resistance: 2014 global report on surveillance. World Health Organization.