Children With Intellectual Disabilities Should Be Educated

Summary Students with an intellectual disability have been educated separate from students in general education classrooms for quite some time. Over time, many countries have adopted children with intellectual disabilities being educated in the general education classrooms. However, major differences can be seen in the utilization of inclusive education not only across countries, but even across the same country. United Nations Convention of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities support the idea that students with intellectual disabilities should be educated in general education classrooms. Switzerland is a country in which is less inclusive. In most Swiss provinces, majority of students with ID attend special schools or special classes†¦show more content†¦Numerous studies have demonstrated that the attitudes of typically developing students toward persons with disability become more positive as a result of the inclusion of children with disability (Maikowski Podlesh, 2009; Sipe rstein, Norins, Mohler, 2007). Despite the benefits, parents, teachers, and decision-makers are often worried by the possibility of negative effects of the inclusion of children with disability on the academic achievement of students without disability (Brackenreed, 2008; Peck, Carlson, Helmstetter, 1992; Subban Sharma, 2006). Kalambouka, Farrell, Dyson and Kaplan (2007) conducted a systematic review of the research on placing students with various special education needs (SEN) in general education classrooms on the academic achievement of students without disability. The findings of the studies were reported as being classified as positive, negative and neutral outcomes. 12 studies were found reporting neutral academic achievement, four reporting positive academic achievement and none reporting negative academic achievement outcomes. Rujis and Peetsma (2009) reported on four studies focused on the impact of including students with SEN on the academicShow MoreRelatedIntellectual Disabilities Essay683 Words   |  3 PagesIn reading chapter 8 on intellectual disabilities, I found that the field of intellectual disabilities has developed throughout the years. The term intellectual disabilities and mental retardation are used interchangeably. The term â€Å"mental retardation† is the federal definition used by IDEA, however many states today do not use the term. Many people do not use the term mental retardation because of its history. Long ago, students who were known to have â€Å"mental retardation† were put in special schoolsRead MoreThe Article Implications For Cld Children With Disabilities 868 Words   |  4 Pagesindividuals’ the freedom to express their thoughts and make decisions on the basis of their own basis. The article â€Å"Implications for CLD children with disabilities†, explains the significance of creating and implementing a society for children with cultural linguistic diversities and intellectual disabilities. In the United States it is imperative that our youth is to become educated, and obtain a degree of sorts. However for the families that suffer with culture shock as their child is adapting to the socialRead MorePeter Lives With An Intellectual Disability Caused By Down Syndrome1466 Words   |  6 Pagesbecoming an adult was everything but a straightforward task for him. Peter lives with an intellectual disability caused by Down Syndrome. This diagnosis is a genetic disorder caused by chromosome pair twenty-one that often results in severe developmental and intellectual delays. Additionally, Peter has issues with a hyperactive thyroid, bursts of Obsessive-Compulsive disorder, depression, and developmental issues that caused a severe delay in his speech. Due to these several health issues, he hasRead MoreSped Team1094 Words   |  5 P agesGrand Canyon University SPED Team Intellectual disabilities (ID) in education require proper planning, collaboration, communication, accommodations, modified lessons, and detailed individualized instructions. Intellectual disabilities affect many aspect of a person daily life with a variety of emotional, mental, social, and physical characteristics (Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. Foundation, n.d.). Intellectual disabilities are also known as mental retardation (National Institute ofRead MorePhysical Exercise and Cognitive Functioning in Children1691 Words   |  7 Pageslook at if physical exercise will help the healthy cognitive development in children and adolescence and this paper will illustrate that the same facts are true for children and adolescence, and will stress the importance of exercise for children optimal brain development and growth. The current studies show that physical activity has a positive effect on attention, neuroplasticity and intellectual development in children and adolescence. The studies also s eem to show the importance of physical activityRead MoreF Time : Family Life Cycle Transition Essay1357 Words   |  6 Pagestransition is a non-normative event that happens outside the expected life cycle and may cause trauma or a conflict to the family of the child with the disability. These events that happen are known as unexpected transitions which are experienced at an unanticipated or unusual time during the life cycle transition of a family who have a child with disabilities (Turnbull, Turnbull, Erwin, Soodak, Shogren, 2011). For example the demise of an older person may be considered a natural part of the life cycleRead MoreWhat Are The Pros And Cons Of Inclusion? Essay1720 Words   |  7 Pagesgoals and objectives of IDEA and No Child Left Behind Act. NCLB was enacted to ensure that all children have a fair, equal and significant opportunity to obtain high quality education. The problem arises, however, when children with disabilities have to take the same test as stu dents without disabilities. Savich stated that critics argue that this goal is unrealistic, and unfair. Students with disabilities cannot do well on these standardized tests. The results will be lowering of their self esteemRead MoreEducational Education And Special Education1556 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to the Foundation for People with Learning Disabilities, 89% of children with moderate learning difficulties, 24% of children with severe learning difficulties and 18% of children with profound multiple learning difficulties are educated in mainstream schools. Something so prevalent must surely be effective. However, that is not always the case. It’s disheartening watching these mainstreamed students struggle socially and academically. Either looked over or coddled by general educationRead MoreDisability On The Ontario Disability Support Plan1450 Words   |  6 Pagesgiven to individual who are on the Ontario Disability Support Plan (ODSP), as they do not get a lot of money to begin with. The cost of living for an individual with a disability is a lot higher than someone who is abled-bodied. ODSP never considers where that individual is living, depending if rent is higher in the city, more than half the money they receive monthly goes to rent and leave little to nothing for food and other cost. Learning about disability issues has broadened my previous knowledgeRead MoreSocial, Emotional and Intellectual Research Paper728 Words   |  3 Pagesexperiences and relationships with others have mayor impacts in how a child develops in these areas. Children are guided by emotions and social interactions. Consequently, these connections will guide their cognitive development. NAEYC states â€Å"that optimal development and learning in the early years will most likely occur when children establish positive and caring relationships with adults and other children† (Bredekamp Copple, 2009). Emotions make every person unique and original, they make us who

Baseball And The American Civil War Essay - 2363 Words

Baseball, a game played between two teams of nine on a field with a diamond-shaped series of four bases. A prestige and unique game that is played all over the world but most beloved in the United States, hence, why people refer to it as the national pastime due to its tradition and popularity. Baseball consists of many complex rules and an extended history. In order for one to fall in love with the game such as America has, one must understand the rules and history of baseball. Baseball originates back to 1800s, from a man named Abner Doubleday, who was a Union Officer during the American Civil War. Some say he invented the game in Cooperstown, New York, in 1839. There’s limited amount of information and facts on Doubleday being the original creator of the game. A more accurate response to the question of how baseball originates would be that many scholars believe that baseball was invented way before we can tell. In ancient cultures, such as those of the Persians and Egyptians, there is evidence of games being played with balls and sticks. Games similar to baseball continued to be played by civilizations throughout history but it was not until the early 1600s that Europeans first brought games involving a ball and a stick to the Americas. There were a number of various games played with a ball and a stick but the one that most resembled baseball was an English game called Rounders. The rules of Rounders are a lot simpler than the ones of modern day baseball but it was fromShow MoreRelatedBaseball And The American Civil War999 Words   |  4 Pagespolicy of Manifest Destiny (Iber et al., 2011). Latin America’s passion of baseball allegedly began at the end of the American Civil War and just before Cuba’s struggle for independence recognized as the Ten Years War from 1868 through 1878 (Arbena, 2011). According to Regalado (1987), this collective memory started when American sailors, who were stationed in Havana, persuaded a few local Cubans to take part in a game of baseball. Other scholars cite Cuban upper-class students such as Esteban BellanRead MoreWhy Baseball Is The National Pastime937 Words   |  4 Pagesenjoyment rather than for work. The Civil War soldiers are strong examples as to why baseball is the national pastime. The nervous anticipation that grips a solider as they prepare for battle. Their job consists of tasks that if performed incorrectly could result in fatalities. It is hard to imagine that an individual could block out the death and suffering that goes along with the job of being a civil war solider. This is why the stories of solider using baseball as a recreational pastime are amazingRead MoreA Brief History of America’s National Pastime679 Words   |  3 Pages19th Century Baseball website, author Eric Miklich writes that America’s pastime may have originated in Canada. Miklich tells the story of Dr. Adam E. Ford who wrote a letter about a game which had been played in 1838 which was described to have several key differences than baseball. Many people believe that baseball evolved from games played in England- mainly cricket and rounders. Others believe the German game of town ball is where it all started. October 6, 1845 was the first baseball game on recordRead More316 (4-5). Ms. Matthews . English Iv. 24 April 2017 . How1096 Words   |  5 Pages2017 How Baseball Changed Over Time Baseball changed over time when African Americans were able to join the game of baseball in the early 1840s when the game of baseball started. Only African American were able to play the game of baseball due to segregation. Most people did not even want African Americans to play baseball in the MLB they could have their own league but,not with whites because no blacks were allowed to communicate with them. Alexander Cartwright invented the game of baseball and theRead MoreJackie Robinson And The American Dilemma882 Words   |  4 PagesIn the biography Jackie Robinson and the American Dilemma by John R. M. Wilson, it tells the story of racial injustice done after world war II and explains how Jackie Robinson was pioneer of better race relations in the United States. The obstacles Jackie Robinson overcame were amazing, he had the responsibility to convert the institutions, customs, and attitudes that had defined race relations in the United States. Seldom has history ever placed so m uch of a strain on one person. I am addressingRead MoreAmerica s Favorite Pastime And Jackie Robinson Essay1661 Words   |  7 PagesAmerica’s Favorite Pastime and Jackie Robinson The game of baseball has been intertwined in our history. It has been there through the wars and the civil rights movements. The game has seen it all. There have been great players who have put their career’s on hold to fight for their country. â€Å"More than 500 major league baseball players during World War II, including stars like Ted Williams, Stan Musial and Joe DiMaggio†. There is one player that didn’t have to put his career on hold to fight for hisRead MoreCivil Rights Movement : Jackie Robinson1477 Words   |  6 PagesCivil rights was an important American issue through the late 40s through the 60s. During this time period Baseball was â€Å"America’s Pastime, â€Å"and a major social get together for white Americans. However in 1947 both of these event were combined when the Brooklyn Dodgers gave Jackie Robinson a chance to play professional baseball. Jackie Robinson is the target of my biography. Robinson not only was the first African Amer ican baseball player, but he also had a hall of fame career, and eventually hadRead MoreJim Crow Laws For African Americans From Performing The Same Daily Activities1704 Words   |  7 PagesJim Crow laws prevented African-Americans from performing the same daily activities as whites did. Some of these activities included African-Americans not being able to use the same bathrooms, entrances, or water fountains as whites. Jim Crow laws had a large impact on baseball. African-Americans were not able to play in Major League Baseball. Because of this many all black baseball teams were formed. These teams eventually led to the formation of many negro baseball leagues throughout the United StatesRead MoreEssay on Baseball613 Words   |  3 PagesBaseball As I sat and watched the college world series this weekend I began to wonder about baseball and several questions came to mind: where did we get the game of baseball? Who should we give credit to for the formation of the game we see today? How has it withstood the tests of wartime? And what helped this game thrive to what it is today, the nation’s pastime? Baseball grew out of various ball and stick games that had been played throughout the United States during the first halfRead MoreEssay on A Brief History of America’s National Pastime1708 Words   |  7 PagesYankees were up two games to none on the Chicago Cubs. In the fifth inning, with the score tied four-four, many of the nearly 50,000 fans, and even players in the Chicago dugout, began taunting and heckling the batter. What happened next went down in baseball history as one of the most famous and controversial at-bats. The batter was none other than Babe Ruth, who, with two strikes and two balls, stepped out of the batters box and gestured toward the outfield as if to show where he was going to hit the

Changes in Farming Post Civil War Free Essays

Changes in Farming: Contributing factors in farming changes post Civil War After the Civil War there were many factors that contributed the changes that occurred in farming in America. Among them was the drive for the South to renew and regain what had been lost due to the war. Leaders saw it as a time to diversify and turn towards industrialization. We will write a custom essay sample on Changes in Farming Post Civil War or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Industrial revolution was underway and with it brought many new inventions that would lead to growth in the farming industry. The wide open space between the East and the West called â€Å"The Frontier† was open for homesteading. New immigrants with their farming knowledge and ability were flooding the East and West gates of the U. S. This was a time in American history when Americans made the â€Å"American dream† what it is today. The end of the Civil War in 1865, fought between the North and the South, spurred many changes in farming in the South. The changes occurred rather quickly and started in what was referred to as The New South. The New South, wanting to keep the Union of the North at bay and decided diversification was the key. Before the Civil War Cotton was a thriving crop in the South that gave the region a sense of power. Many southerners blamed cotton for its losses caused by the Civil War and some might speculate that without this crop, also know as â€Å"King Cotton†, the Civil War may not have taken place. After the Civil War the South was left to rebuild and reestablish what had been destroyed. Many leaders also saw this as a time for economic growth. The south had very good soil for other crops to thrive in. First of the many changes in the New South was the resurgence of tobacco. The discovery of two new tobaccos named Bright leaf and Burley helped increase the tobacco production and market. Other changes to follow were the growth in products such as Louisiana sugar cane, rice, Southern Pine trees, clay, coal, glass and stone products. The introduction of Hydroelectricity which is electricity produced by water served in the process of industrializing The New South. Changes in Farming 3 Before the Civil War slaves worked the fields and did most of the farming work in the South. After the slaves were freed in 1863, the South had to make changes to supply labor for the farming. Many shady practices by the white man occurred because of this. Sharecropping and crop liens were eveloped to keep the black man somewhat under their control. Since freed slaves had no money and no place to live, land holders would allow a tenant to live on their property and worked the land in exchange for a share of the crop produced, also known as sharecropping. The crop lien system was a developed to allow farmers to receive goods such as food, supplies, and seeds to be paid for after the crop wa s produced. This kept the black man and poor white farmers in a constant form of debt. Cotton still played a big part in the growth of farming in the south. There was a high demand for textiles and cotton mills increased production of cotton bales up to 1,479,000 bales per year. While these changes were occurring in the South, many changes in farming were also taking place in other parts of the nation. The government wanted to encourage settlement in the vast areas of the country not yet populated. The Homestead Act helped shape the western landscape. This act allowed farmers to claim up to 160 acres of land. Farmers would stake a claim to a parcel of land and by living on it for five years would be free and clear to take title of the land. Or the farmer could buy the land for $1. 25 per acre after living on it for six months. This opportunity attracted many to move west in the aftermath and destruction the Civil War caused in the South. As settlers moved west towards The Great Plains region they discovered it did not have the water supply and rich soil the South possessed. This area also had other downfalls in contrast to the South. Temperature fluctuations, hail, wind, and swarms of locusts that made farming quite difficult in this area. The farmers adapted to the conditions of the plains by changing what they farmed, turning to grains such as sorghum and wheat; both crops that did not require much water. The immigrants from Changes in Farming 4 Russia, who were used to this climate, brought valuable knowledge of farming techniques. The Russians also introduced new wheat called Red Turkey to the area. The changes in this area and the crops produced here inspired new farming inventions needed to plow and till the grains which created new business opportunities. Since much of this area was more suitable for grazing then for farming crops, farmers turned to cattle ranching. There were millions of long horn cattle, left from the old Spanish settlers, which roamed free. Ranchers would hunt these cattle for their hide at first. The job of the cowboy was created to herd up the cattle and drive them to different areas of the country. Many cattle trials were created that ran from central Texas to Kansas, central Texas to New Mexico and to Wyoming to name a few. Abilene, Kansas was one of the first towns that were a center for Cattle shipment. With the invention of barbed wire in 1874 ranchers began to fence cattle in large areas. And with the building of the transcontinental railroad system the need for the cowboy decreased. The railroad could transport the cattle to the needed destinations. With the invention of the air-cooled train car meat packers began shipping slaughtered meat. Local farms were no longer required to produce perishable foods since these items could arrive by train as well. The Mississippi Valley region, Minnesota, and North Dakota took advantage of the new benefits the railroad system offered, and farmers changed their views of farming. They no longer had to produce everything they needed on their land and turned their focus to making a business out of their farms. Instead of producing a variety of crops they focus on one cash crop such as cotton, wheat, or corn. They could mass produce their crops to be shipped by rail all over the country and shipped by boat worldwide. Farming became more of a factory and required the purchase of more machinery to Changes in Farming 5 produce their product. America quickly became the world’s largest producer of fruits, vegetables, and meats. California was busy producing fruits and vegetables of their own as well by farmers and settlers who were attracted West by the gold rush. The promise of the great frontier, the reorganization of the South, and the industrial revolution were all big contributing factors to changes in farming after The Civil War. But I believe the largest contributing factor was the creation of the railroad system that crisscrossed across the country. It transformed the way people farmed, thought, invented, traveled, and lived. By the time it was finished there as many miles of tracks across America as the rest of the world put together. The visible changes the Railroad system created were remarkable. It contributed to the 19th century being the century of the greatest changes in U. S. history to date. American farmers were very hard-working people with big dreams of a new life and making it on their own. They possessed the right traits to survive in the frontier such as risk taking, self-reliance, and the drive to succeed. I believe Americans still have these traits today and have so many opportunities give more changes to come here in the United States of America. References This link leads you to a page describing tenant farming and share cropping in depth. http://digital. library. okstate. edu/encyclopedia/entries/T/TE009. html A link to Georgia’s cotton history from the state’s encyclopedia http://www. georgiaencyclopedia. org/nge/Article. jsp? id=h-2087 This link will bring you to information on the gilded age http://www. academicamerican. com/recongildedage/topics/gildedage1. html The text book provided online for unit 1 US History 2 http://www. hippocampus. org/US%20History%20II How to cite Changes in Farming Post Civil War, Papers

Malaria Incidence

Question: Discuss about the Malaria Incidence. Answer: According to World Health Organization report on December, 2016 malaria is one of the life-threatening diseases that are caused by parasites transmitted through bites of female Anopheles mosquitoes through people (Cullen 2016). In the year 2015, around 91 countries had malaria transmission (Who 2014). Between the years 2010 to 2015, the global malaria incidence among the population with new cases rate fell by 21% and the mortality rates also fell by 29% among the populations at risk among the age groups and 35% among the children below the age of five (Barber et al. 2017). Malaria is caused by Plasmodium falciparum most prevalent in African continent with maximum number of malaria-related death and P. vivax being dominant in most countries causing malaria in humans. The symptoms include acute febrile illness, fever, chills, headache and vomiting appearing seven days after the mosquito bite. According to WHO report, half of the worlds population was at malaria risk with major mortalit y rates in sub-Saharan Africa (Bhatt et al. 2015). There are some population groups who are at high risk for contracting malaria like children below the age of five, patients with AIDS/HIV, pregnant women, non-immune migrants, travellers and mobile populations. During the year 2015, there were 212 million malaria cases and 429,000 malaria-related deaths (Mnard et al. 2016). Vector control intervention is the best way to prevent and control the malaria transmission with insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor residual spraying that are effective in many circumstances. The early diagnosis and treatment of malaria reduces the burden of disease and mortality rates. This shows that malaria is a public health concern and therefore, the following essay involves the control and eradication or elimination of malaria to ensure evidence-based public health practice. According to WHO, the malaria transmission majorly occurs in five regions. On a global basis, approximately 3.2 billion in 95 countries are at risk for malaria infection and developing the disease being 1.2 billion people (Agarwal et al. 2015). According to World Malaria Report 2015, globally there were 214 million malaria cases and 438,000 malaria deaths which indicate that there was a decrease in the malaria cases and deaths with 37% and 60%, respectively since 2000. The burden of the disease was heaviest in the African Region, where there were around 90% malarial cases and malaria related deaths in children below the age of five accounting for more than two thirds of deaths worldwide (Griffin, Ferguson and Ghani 2014). The prevalence of malaria worldwide shows that it majorly contributes to the burden of disease and has a major impact on the health of the people. Malaria takes a heavy toll of human life and imposes substantial costs to the government, being the burden of disease. It is one of the biggest health problems that grossly affect the health, morbidity and mortality rates and economy of the developing countries. According to Global Malaria Action Plan 2014, malaria is one of the most severe health concerns among the public being the leading cause of death in the developing countries (Hemingway et al. 2016). It is also imposing economic burden that includes maintenance and supply of staffs for health facilities, drugs purchase and supplies and public health interventions in order to prevent and control malaria. The direct costs like treatment and premature death pose serious implications on the economic growth in terms of growth and productivity. According to Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) the people who have no or little immunity against malaria are the most vulnerable groups where pregnant women and young children are then most affected groups (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2013). Apart from health and economic burden, the policy makers are aggressively trying to control malaria because of its high morbidity and mortality rates reaching at an alarming stage. Despite of tremendous progress made in order to prevent and control malaria transmission, it is still an acute public health issue. It contributes to anaemic condition in children below the age of five and pregnant women resulting in low birth weight of the newborns. The existing strategies are trying to reach the people and communities who are at risk for malaria with core interventions to save lives suffered with malaria. According to WHO, new strategies are being adopted to prevent and control malaria. The most promising approach is the integrated vector management (IVM) that reinforces and links the public health and environment providing optimum benefits to both the elements (Chanda et al. 2017). The IVM strategies provide greatest control over the disease in an effective way that minimizes the negative impacts on the environment and the adverse effects on the public health. The WHO Global Strategic Framework defines the IVM strategy as an effective multi-disease control that stresses on understanding of ecology of the local vector and local patterns in transmission of disease and finally choosing of the appropriate vector control tools for the vector control. It also encompasses environmental management strategies that aim to eliminate or reduce the vector breeding grounds through operation of water development projects through improved design. The biological controls like larvivorous fish or bact erial larvicides that targets and kills the larvae vector without causing any harm on the environment due to chemical use (World Health Organization 2014). This framework also comprises of improved prevention or personal protection strategies that combine the environmental tools with chemical tools like insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) with accessible and affordable diagnosis and treatment of malaria. In order to control malaria, WHO has provided the IVM approach that is effective in controlling the malarial vector and in linking the public health and environment. It is a dynamic method that is still evolving and encourages controlling the vector via a single method. It is a cost-effective method that significantly co-benefits the local economies and linking health with better economic outcomes. IVM framework for vector control is highly dependent on local malarial vector behaviour, environmental conditions and patterns of disease transmission. The better designing of irrigation schemes, dams that allow alterations and flow and level of water with better flushing of reservoirs that would help to reduce the vector habitats. The irrigation schemes permit intermittent field irrigation and alternation between non-irrigated and irrigated crops proves successful in controlling the Anopheles mosquitoes in many regions that grows rice like India, China and parts of Asia. It disrupts the b reeding cycles of the vectors and environmental modification helps to control the malarial vector (Tesfazghi et al. 2015). The environmental manipulation like shade, drainage patterns and time-limited local vegetation changes proves an effective way to reduce the malarial vector habitats. The formation of shades over the breeding habitats of vectors which prefers sunlight can help to reduce the propagation of the vector. Conversely, the malarial vectors that thrive in shades, removal of weeds, overgrowth would significantly reduce the potential of breeding and vector abundance (Benelli and Mehlhorn 2016). The human settlement away from the breeding areas of malaria can reduce transmission as the vectors do not travel much away from their breeding zones. The better control and management of man-made sites where mosquitoes reproduce like bore holes and water wells helps in reducing the breeding that is close to the human settlements (Killeen et al. 2016). Apart from environmental malarial management, biological controls also kill the larvae or the mosquitoes in a targeted manner. Among the controls, the application and maintenance of stocks of biolarvicides like Bacillus sphaericus and Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis that feed on the mosquito larvae helsp to control the malarial vector (Kumar et al. 2014). The Neem oil is also a successful biolarvicide that is extracted from the seeds in controlling the malarial vector. Along with these controls, chemical tools are also important in the areas of dense vector densities and intense disease transmission that have an impact on the diseas e incidence. The methods include space spraying; indoor residual spraying reduces the transmission of the disease by interrupting or shortening the adult vector lifespan as proposed by The Health and Environment Linkages Initiative (HELI). It also helps to keep the population of the vectors down through the application of chemicals over the breeding places and use of ITNs like covering beds, protective nets impregnated with insecticides, water container and living quarters. The role of public in malaria control fails due to market and information failure, externalities, monopoly that implies a role for public action. However, there is a need for community participation where the communities in collaboration with public should work towards the control of malaria by creating awareness through programs and campaigns (Mnzava et al. 2014). In the recent years, early diagnosis and prompt treatment is the key to control malaria and radical treatment necessary for preventing the malarial transmission. The anti-malarial drug like chloroquine is effective for uncomplicated malaria. The Fever Treatment Depots (FTDs) and Drug Distribution Centres (DDCs) established in rural areas serves to provide the anti-malarial drugs to the public and community. There are strategies and policies for controlling malaria that are recommended by WHO which focus on malaria control and prevention. The strategic malaria control emphasizes on two domains; prevention and management. They work to stop the transmission of parasite from the vector to humans and in the development and severity of the disease (Peters 2013). The Malaria Policy Advisory Committee (MPAC) along with WHO recommended policy development to control and eliminate malaria through identification of the priority areas and challenges for the achievement of global malaria goals. The vaccine development is also an effective and safe way to control malaria. However, the complexity of the parasites nature with understanding of the critical processes like disease pathogenesis and host immune protection is difficult and so the vaccine development is hampered. Moreover, currently there is no licensed vaccine against malaria or any vaccine for parasitic disease. The anti-malarial drugs development resulted in controlling and reducing the endemic malaria worldwide. However, the emergence of drug resistance in parasites poses a critical priority in the agenda of malarial research. The improved and new diagnostics are effective for malarial control. The labour intensive methods like analyzing blood smears with better diagnostic tools and highl y trained technicians pose challenges in the diagnostics in terms of drug resistance (WHO, M.P.A.C 2016). According to Malaria Foundation International, the malaria control cannot programs and interventions cannot be achieved until there is decentralization, capacity building through community participation in public health practice. By adopting evolutionary operation where there is constant adaptation and tuning of management approaches and harnessing of local knowledge in the key to control and prevent malaria (Kobayashi et al. 2015). For the elimination or eradication of malaria, the anti-malarial drug and vaccine development, surveillance and diagnostics are some of the novel malarial tools that accelerate eradication. The WHOs Malaria Policy Advisory Committee adopted the goal for eliminating the P. falciparum in the subregions by 2030. It has developed the malaria elimination plans that help to eliminate or eradicate the malaria from the developing countries. Effective surveillance is important for tracking the disease and in developing the programmatic responses. High surveillance systems help to assess the disease trends and distribution in the developing countries that are greatly affected by malaria. It is required at every point in the malaria elimination path by empowering effective programs. The advocating for investment, allocation of resources to the populations at risk, assessment of the interventions, impact of funding and evaluation of programs for the efficient elimination of malaria (World Health Organization 2014). The malarial elimination is defined as the local transmission interruption in a geographical area. The elimination program depends on the health system of a particular country with level of investment in the control and other factors like environmental, social, biological determinants, political, demographic and economic status of a particular country. The elimination approach through surveillance ensures that every malaria infection is detected, treated and registered in national malaria registry. The effective diagnosis and treatment of malaria along with anti-malarial medicines helps to prevent and control disease transmission in the community. In May 2015, The WHO Global Technical Strategy for Malaria 2016-2030 adopted by the World Health Assembly provides a technical framework for the endemic malaria that is intended to support and guide the control and elimination of malaria (Ramsay, Olliaro and Reeder 2016). The elimination of malaria is interruption of transmission at local level that is reduction of the incidence to zero in indigenous cases of a specific malaria parasite in a particular geographical area. By enhancing and optimising the prevention and treatment of malaria measures and by strengthening the surveillance system, the high burden countries can eliminate malaria. In some developing countries, there is high prevalence of malaria among the mobile populations and travellers who are beyond the reach of the international borders. The infections are imported by these migrants and visitors which also required strict surveillance for the timely diagnosis and treatment (Griffin et al. 2016). The digital epidemiology modelling called geospatial mapping and reporting of malarial cases through mobile phones and tracking of patient status helps in the surveillance of malaria for effective elimination. The identification of the threats to the control and elimination of malaria serves for the new areas for action plan. The drug development that involves transmission blocking vaccine is an innovative method that might help in the malaria elimination post 2025. A transparent, credible and responsive policy for malaria elimination also serves to provide technical input and strategic advice for malaria elimination (Brady et al. 2015). There are some proposed innovative technologies like development of new drugs that targets the molecular markers of resistance like artemisinin resistance, single dose drug like Tafenoquine, OZ439 and OZ Ferroquine may be helpful in the path to malaria elimination in the future by 2030. The vector control through indoor residual spraying of Chlorfenapyr, pyrethroid long lasting insecticide-treated net (LLIN) and crop protection are some novel vector control methods (Tanner et al. 2015). The addition of new active ingredients from the agrochemicals with spatial repellents, insecticidal paints and toxic barrier screens and sugar baits can serve as vector control vaccines in the elimination of malaria. The diagnostic tools like hyper-sensitive diagnostic test (IDT) for the identification of asymptomatic carriers along with non-invasive diagnostic methods for the screening of mass population might aid in eradication of malaria worldwide (Britton, Cheng and McCarthy 2016). Behavioural res istance is less compared as physiological resistance where the mosquito contact the insecticide, however not killed and it is a challenge for the government to control and eliminate malaria. In instances where behavioural resistance is detected, there is a need to target the bionomic vulnerabilities that may exist during mating, larval stages, sugar feeding or any other aspect in the vectors lie cycle can drive toward elimination. For the elimination of malaria, the most important challenge is to link the public and private sector activity. On one hand, the private delivery of drugs and ITNs provides an opportunity to extend coverage and primarily focus on the needs of the public sector and at the same time, there are many deficiencies in the private sector like quality and outreaching of the resources through networks that must be recognized. The funding and delivery of resources through public sector channels would help to eliminate malaria through binding of public and private sectors (Liu et al. 2013). Malaria is one of the life-threatening disease that has taken a toll over the human life and is high prevalent in many countries. It has contributed to the burden of disease and has an impact on the human life. There are many existing strategies like vector control management, biological controls in which larvivorous fish or bacterial larvicides target the larvae of the vector, environmental manipulation and human settlement away from breeding areas are the strategies adopted by WHO. For the eradication of malaria, vaccines, anti-malarial drugs and many innovative technologies can help in the near future. In addition, the collaboration of government with public and private sector ca n help to control and eradicate malaria from the countries. References Agarwal, K., Alonso, P., Chico, R.M., Coleman, J., Dellicour, S., Hill, J., Majeres-Lugand, M., Mangiaterra, V., Menendez, C., Mitchell, K. and Roman, E., 2015. Global Call to Action to scale-up coverage of intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy: seminar report.Malaria journal,14(1), p.206. Barber, B.E., Rajahram, G.S., Grigg, M.J., William, T. and Anstey, N.M., 2017. World Malaria Report: time to acknowledge Plasmodium knowlesi malaria.Malaria Journal,16(1), p.135. Benelli, G. and Mehlhorn, H., 2016. Declining malaria, rising of dengue and Zika virus: insights for mosquito vector control.Parasitology research,115(5), pp.1747-1754. Bhatt, S., Weiss, D.J., Cameron, E., Bisanzio, D., Mappin, B., Dalrymple, U., Battle, K.E., Moyes, C.L., Henry, A., Eckhoff, P.A. and Wenger, E.A., 2015. The effect of malaria control on Plasmodium falciparum in Africa between 2000 and 2015.Nature,526(7572), pp.207-211. Brady, O.J., Godfray, H.C.J., Tatem, A.J., Gething, P.W., Cohen, J.M., McKenzie, F.E., Perkins, T.A., Reiner, R.C., Tusting, L.S., Scott, T.W. and Lindsay, S.W., 2015. Adult vector control, mosquito ecology and malaria transmission.International health,7(2), pp.121-129. Britton, S., Cheng, Q. and McCarthy, J.S., 2016. Novel molecular diagnostic tools for malaria elimination: a review of options from the point of view of high-throughput and applicability in resource limited settings.Malaria journal,15(1), p.88. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013.CDC Health Information for International Travel 2014: The Yellow Book. Oxford University Press. Chanda, E., Ameneshewa, B., Bagayoko, M., Govere, J.M. and Macdonald, M.B., 2017. Harnessing Integrated Vector Management for Enhanced Disease Prevention.Trends in Parasitology,33(1), pp.30-41. Cullen, K.A., 2016. Malaria surveillanceUnited States, 2013.MMWR. Surveillance Summaries,65. Griffin, J.T., Bhatt, S., Sinka, M.E., Gething, P.W., Lynch, M., Patouillard, E., Shutes, E., Newman, R.D., Alonso, P., Cibulskis, R.E. and Ghani, A.C., 2016. Potential for reduction of burden and local elimination of malaria by reducing Plasmodium falciparum malaria transmission: a mathematical modelling study.The Lancet Infectious Diseases,16(4), pp.465-472. Griffin, J.T., Ferguson, N.M. and Ghani, A.C., 2014. Estimates of the changing age-burden of Plasmodium falciparum malaria disease in sub-Saharan Africa.Nature communications,5. Hemingway, J., Ranson, H., Magill, A., Kolaczinski, J., Fornadel, C., Gimnig, J., Coetzee, M., Simard, F., Roch, D.K., Hinzoumbe, C.K. and Pickett, J., 2016. Averting a malaria disaster: will insecticide resistance derail malaria control?.The Lancet,387(10029), pp.1785-1788. Killeen, G., Marshall, J.M., Kiware, S.S., South, A.B., Tusting, L.S., Chaki, P.P. and Govella, N.J., 2016. Measuring, manipulating and exploiting behaviours of adult mosquitoes to optimize malaria vector control impact.BMJ Global Health. Kobayashi, T., Gamboa, D., Ndiaye, D., Cui, L., Sutton, P.L. and Vinetz, J.M., 2015. Malaria diagnosis across the International Centers of Excellence for Malaria Research: platforms, performance, and standardization.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene,93(3 Suppl), pp.99-109. Kumar, P.M., Murugan, K., Kovendan, K., Subramaniam, J., Panneerselvam, C. and Amerasan, D., 2014. Larvicidal and Pupicidal Activity of Orthosiphon thymiflorus and Spinosad for the Control of Malarial Vector, Anopheles Stephensi.Advances in Biotechnology and Patenting, p.259. Liu, J., Modrek, S., Gosling, R.D. and Feachem, R.G., 2013. Malaria eradication: is it possible? Is it worth it? Should we do it?.The Lancet Global Health,1(1), pp.e2-e3. Mnard, D., Khim, N., Beghain, J., Adegnika, A.A., Shafiul-Alam, M., Amodu, O., Rahim-Awab, G., Barnadas, C., Berry, A., Boum, Y. and Bustos, M.D., 2016. A worldwide map of Plasmodium falciparum K13-propeller polymorphisms.New England Journal of Medicine,374(25), pp.2453-2464. Mnzava, A.P., Macdonald, M.B., Knox, T.B., Temu, E.A. and Shiff, C.J., 2014. Malaria vector control at crossroads: public health entomology and the drive to elimination.Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, p.tru101. Peters, W. ed., 2013.Antimalarial Drugs I: Biological Background, Experimental Methods, and Drug Resistance(Vol. 68). Springer. Ramsay, A., Olliaro, P. and Reeder, J.C., 2016. The need for operational research and capacity-building in support of the Global Technical Strategy for Malaria 20162030.Malaria journal,15(1), p.235. Tanner, M., Greenwood, B., Whitty, C.J., Ansah, E.K., Price, R.N., Dondorp, A.M., von Seidlein, L., Baird, J.K., Beeson, J.G., Fowkes, F.J. and Hemingway, J., 2015. Malaria eradication and elimination: views on how to translate a vision into reality.BMC medicine,13(1), p.167. Tesfazghi, K., Hill, J., Jones, C., Ranson, H. and Worrall, E., 2015. National malaria vector control policy: an analysis of the decision to scale-up larviciding in Nigeria.Health policy and planning, p.czv055. WHO, M.P.A.C., 2016. Malaria Policy Advisory Committee to the WHO: conclusions and recommendations of eighth biannual meeting (September 2015).Malaria journal,15(1), p.117. Who., 2014.World malaria report 2013. World Health Organization. World Health Organization, 2014. From malaria control to malaria elimination: a manual for elimination scenario planning. World Health Organization, 2014.Antimicrobial resistance: 2014 global report on surveillance. World Health Organization.

And Then There Were None by Agatha Christie

And Then There Were None by Agatha Christie "Ten little Indians going out to dine; One went and choked his little self and then there were nine. Nine little Indian boys sat up very late; One overslept himself and then there were eight. Eight little Indian boys traveling to Devon; One got left behind and then there were seven. Seven little Indian boys gathering up sticks; One chopped himself in half and then there were six. Six little Indian boys playing with a hive; A bumblebee stung one and then there were five. Five little Indian boys going in for law; One got in chancery and then there were four.Four little Indian boys going out to sea; A red herring swallowed one and then there were three. Three little Indian boys walking to the zoo; A big bear hugged one and then there were two. Two little Indians playing with a gun; One shot the other and then there was one.English: River Thames - Wargrave. Shallow fog over...One little Indian boy left all alone; He went and hung himself and then there were none." Ten Indian figures made of china seem harmless right? Would they determine your fate? Or would you not even notice they are there? What if they slowly disappeared and you had no thought of as why. How would you look at life now?What is theme? Theme is merely the fundamental and often universal ideas explored in a literary work. There are many themes that provide detail to the story starting with the Administration of Justice. Most murder mysteries examine justiceits violation, through the act of murder, and its restoration, through the work of a detective who solves the crime and ensures that the murderer pays for his or her deed. "And Then There Were None" examines justice, but it bends the formula by making the victims of murder...

Pros and Cons of Online Dating for Teens Essay Essay Example

Pros and Cons of Online Dating for Teens Essay Essay Example Pros and Cons of Online Dating for Teens Essay Essay Pros and Cons of Online Dating for Teens Essay Essay Essay Topic: Pros and Cons Teens 1. Why on-line dating is popular.Peoples presents have become so busy with their calling that there is small clip left for their societal life. They think that OD is safe as on-line dating bureaus run a background check-up on each and every member they accept. With the online dating services. there is no force per unit area as you go out with merely those you appreciate and would desire to cognize better. It is besides an cheap manner to happen a spouse as the traditional dating would affect many test and mistake methods where you would put clip. attempt and money. With OD. it is so convenient that you can make it at place or in the office to happen this particular individual during your trim clip. Possibly non all the people you may reach would be the best pick for your life spouse. nevertheless it can be a great manner to acquire to cognize several people in a short clip. Last. it covers the whole universe. people from all walks of life whom you would hold a opportunity to run into . 2. Why is it non a good medium Merely because everyone else out there is making it. doesn’t make it a good medium to look for a spouse. Safety is a really serious concern and something that most of the people risk most when they meet people they have no hint approximately. Peoples can state anything they want about themselves online. But surveies have already proven that both work forces and adult females lie about different things on their profile. Another problem with on-line dating is that when you do eventually make up ones mind to run into. there can be so much accent on the whole looks thing. The meet-up tends to fall apart as worlds tend to hold certain outlooks and when those outlooks are non met. letdown is felt. In on-line dating. there is normally a impression that those who go on-line to happen a day of the month is merely looking for sex and merely desire good clip instead than serious relationships. B. Traditional dating 1. What is traditional datingIn the lexicon. a day of the month is â€Å"An assignment to run into at a specified clip ; particularly. a societal battle between two individuals that frequently has a romantic character† ( Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary. 2003. p. 317 ) . 2. Traditional dating vs online dating Online dating is easy. You fill out a profile and meet others on the web site you are utilizing. However. there is no initial face-to-face contact. and you may or may non be passing clip with person you would wish to be in relationship with. Traditional dating allows you to interact with your day of the month on a personal degree. As you spend clip with your day of the month. you see him in a assortment of different state of affairss and fortunes. Traditional dating can be dozenss of merriment making things together and cognizing each other deeper in a personal manner. As you day of the month. you get to go to films or music events. travel bowling or drama games. You besides can duplicate day of the month. acquiring to cognize two possible spouses alternatively of merely one. With traditional dating. you know where your day of the month lives. which is non ever the instance with online dating. Besides. it’s easier to experience â€Å"chemistry† on a face-to-face day of the month. When you online day of the month. you may non experience any chemical science until you meet. Argument: A. Sing the issue in both provinces1. Beneficial effects of online dating2. Support or presentation of instance surveiesB. What are the cons of online dating?1. Disadvantages of online dating2. Why do we antagonize online datingPeoples tend to lie online to box themselves beautifully. In fact. even the online dating bureaus tell you what to state or compose depending on what is most sought after. But this is non the right manner to get down a relationship. Nothing physiques love and trust like lying. It is difficult to cognize a person’s existent character online and the best manner is to see them interact with other people and in different fortunes. Besides. in OD people normally try to do a good feeling but there is a difference between looking your best and seeking to be something you are non. The online dating universe sends the message to people that you’re non good plenty the manner you are. Online dating besides promotes unfaithfulness. If the individual is used to dating online. he/she can still make this even if one is already in a relationship. The possibility of taking the relationship earnestly is low because it is easy to happen a replacing online. Internet unfaithfulness is comparatively easy to conceal as it is an easy medium for a disenfranchised spouse to seek outside satisfaction while being distinct. Wysocki ( 1998 ) found that most people who had an on-line matter logged on after their spouse went to bed or at work. There is no demand to go or necessitate for an alibi that is typically required if a individual is involved in a typical matter. Refuting the counter statement: A. Why on-line dating should non promote teens.1. Psychological effects of on-line dating on teens Aside from safety issues. lying and unfaithfulness in the on-line universe. OD tends to hold psychological effects on teens as they neglect duties and relationships in the existent universe. In fact. it can take to failed matrimonies because it builds a wont of longer clip spent online with practical spouse. Online dating besides distract teens from covering with jobs that may be in existent universe relationships because clip and energy that could be spent repairing the relationship is spent basking these on-line relationships. 2. Online dating leads to danger Safety for teens particularly female. becomes a cardinal concern online as profiles are easy to make from anyplace at any clip. This may be used by professionals in a unsafe manner like to double your individuality to happen out about your household. where you live. where your parents work. etc. B. Negative effects of online dating to teens1. Lack of societal accomplishments among people – teens tend to remain in the confines of their places to socialise with on-line friends or day of the months. 2. OD may take to wellness issues – There are wellness issues like carpal tunnel. asthenopia and loss of sleep. Emotional emphasis and psychological emphasis can besides construct up since you do non cognize much about your on-line spouses compared to traditional dating wherein you see their personalities face-to-face. Decision:A. Online dating will non assist you in your lovelife1. OD is non a good manner to happen true love2. OD would merely take to a failed relationshipB. Relevance of online dating in today’s society1. There are many ads online2. Peoples are now in a haste to happen a spouse C. Reinforce why online dating should non be encouragedD. SummaryPeoples are now in a haste and hold limited clip and resources to socialise. The media has influenced teen’s perceptual experiences of wooing and dating in the modern universe. With the coming of engineering. people are more open to information online and even online dating is now popular with teens. However. non all popular should be embraced. WE should believe about the safety issues which is the figure one hazard when you go on-line for a day of the month. Furthermore. how do you swear person you have non met? One can lie about anything when they are concealed or unobserved. The possibility of cognizing person you can swear and hold as a life-time spouse is really small compared to person you really run into and interact with. Beginnings: hypertext transfer protocol: //ezinearticles. com/ ? Why-Is-Online-Dating-Popular? A ; id=403737 hypertext transfer protocol: //hubpages. com/hub/6-Reasons-Why-Looking-for-a-Relationship-Online-Bad-Idea hypertext transfer protocol: //www. ehow. com/about_5421880_pros-cons-traditional-dating. html # ixzz2hFeohiWf hypertext transfer protocol: //webspace. ship. edu/jacamp/psyberpsych/Dating/Subtopic3. htm hypertext transfer protocol: //www. ehow. com/info_8076698_effects-internet-dating. html # ixzz2hFj90DPO ( Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary. 2003. p. 317 ) .

Seventeenth-Century Art Royalty and Riches Essay

Seventeenth-Century Art Royalty and Riches - Essay Example The illusionistic style that had been developed presented a different angle to the viewer to deter from the usual pieces known to predict some societal events. Some of the paintings in the seventeenth century had been based on the Ostentatious Illusionism. The concept saw the application of an illusion style that had been meant to cause impressionism in the minds of the viewer. The concept saw inclusion of visual elements that cause an impression that saw critical elements that defined the composition. The seventeenth century paintings had been based on the aspect of visual illusion and distortion of elements to suit the provision of delivering a composition that contain the illusionistic elements (Stella 1986, p28). Moreover, Christianity had influenced the period and artists were under the authority of the church to create pieces that depicted the religious forms. The seventeenth century art had mostly been based on the two styles of illusionism and realism that saw the development of outstanding pieces mostly ceiling paintings that had been commissioned by the church. The style saw the influence in art across Europe, particularly in the Baroque period and the paintings by some famous Dutch artists. The style that had been dubbed Ostentatious illusionism saw a massive contribution to the development and creation of the seventeenth-century paintings and influenced various artists in differentiated ways. Baroque The seventeenth century witnessed the development of elements to derive the component of illusion to develop the known Baroque style. The period had been marked by the discoveries in the scientific technology and numerous religious developments that saw the enhancement of a style that held numerous techniques. The illusionism created in the Baroque era had been the response derived by the artists of the technique to develop the perception criteria (Stoichit?a? 1997, p117). Art pieces needed to hold more effects and meaning to the viewer and bear added l iteral definition. The artists managed to create forms that had structures meant to create an outstanding effect to the perception that meant the application of a unique illusionistic style. Within the baroque style, trompe l’oeil painting style had been developed to highlight the illusionistic effects. Within the Baroque style, the outstanding style that had been developed saw the development in the illusionistic ceiling paintings. In the style, the developed techniques saw illusion develop in the theme of di sotto in su and the renowned quadrata techniques of completion in paintings. With these forms, the style developed saw the inclusion of an outstanding perspective element that distorted the ceiling paintings to appear to have an extended dimension. The style saw the development of a three-dimensional illusion within a developed two-dimensional surface. The other illusionistic forms developed the perspective element and invention of trompe l’oeil that advanced the distortion element within paintings in the seventeenth century (Peucker 2007, p9). The style witnessed the increased definition of concepts to include an added meaning to the completion of works. The church grew more interested in the artistic influences and sought to incorporate illusion within the pieces created. The artists chose to adopt the illusion technique in Baroque to intrigue the viewer and enable the church to spread the needed

Reward Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Reward Management - Essay Example Unarguably, reward management is a sensitive and controversial area that has been extensively debated at both practical and theoretical levels. 'The significance of pay as a means of attracting, retaining and providing tangible rewards to people is not to be underestimated. It is important to get it right - much harm can be done by getting it wrong. But as a means of generating long-term commitment and motivation, pay has to be regarded as only part of the whole. It is the non-financial rewards that will ultimately make the difference." Michael Armstrong and Duncan Brown Reward structures can speak volumes; not only in their implications of values, equality and worth to the employees and the community they serve, but to the performance of the authority itself. In this context, it is important for the organization to realize that the organizational rewards have many meanings for employees. There are two values associated with every reward - surface and symbolic. The surface value of a reward to an employee is its objective meaning or worth (a measure of spending power of the employee). In addition to the surface value, every reward also has a symbolic value, which is simply the personal or subjective meaning the employee attaches to it. However, a high salary doesn't always mean a high satisfaction with salary! Nor does a rise in salary necessarily translate into a corresponding rise in satisfaction. The DQ-IDC IT-survey of 2004 reveals this very fact . HP, the best paymaster in the industry, has many employees who look dissatisfied with their salary levels. The employees at Siemens also tend to echo the HP employees' views. On the other hand Mindtree, which is near the bottom of the table in terms of size of the packet, has relatively satisfied employees. So does TCS. And Oracle employees are quite satisfied with their salaries despite Oracle featuring quite low on a ctual salaries. It is results like these that make Maslow's hierarchy of needs look like the absolute truth. In short, managers need to tune in to the many meanings rewards can convey - not only to the surface messages but to the symbolic messages as well. Types of rewards Organizations use various types of rewards (listed below) which when combined form the compensation package of the individual. * Base Pay * Incentive systems * Benefits * Perquisites, and * Awards In the Indian context, while the base pay package (the most important rewards people receive for their work) has seen an increase of 11.3%, an interesting feature to be noted is the rising prevalence of variable pay plans. According to the Asia Pacific Salary Increase Survey conducted by Hewitt , a greater proportion of respondents reported having a variable pay plan in 2004 (88.1%) as compared to 2003 (85.3%). Clearly, performance-based pay which was confined to the higher echelons of management is now creeping in to the lower grades as well. Another matter of debate in

Research Foundational Theorists Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Foundational Theorists - Research Paper Example He is the main foundational theorist without question—even if some of his ideas today seem somewhat controversial and difficult to agree with. The great Austrian psychologist Sigmund Freund was very influential. He came from the psychoanalytical school (which he founded). He worked hard to deconstruct what up until that point had been considered the unitary personality or identity of individuals. Freud’s emphasis on subjectivity, the unconscious, and perspective powerfully effected artists and writers of the period. Theorists in the psychoanalytic school frequently believed that people had a fractured identity, creating a multiplicity of perspectives and views on the world, none of which was especially better than the other. In a way this is a legacy of Freud’s ideas about subjectivity. A somewhat contrary psychological school is Behaviouralism and its founding theorist was B.F. Skinner. This idea holds that psychologists who talk too much about philosophical issues lose sight of what science can prove. Skinner wanted to focus on observable data rather than people’s secret thoughts about things. These theorists that people acted in certain ways because they were conditioned to do so and had less free will than believed. A good example of a behaviourist experiment involves Pavlov’s dogs—these were dogs that were trained to salivate at the sound of a ringing bell. A third important school of psychology is Humanism. These theorists, led by Abraham Maslow, didn’t like what they saw in the literary, over philosophical aspect of psychoanalysis or in the rigid scientific way of doing things in behavioualism. They wanted to take a more common sense approach and look at what things were important to people. They showed that there were many different needs people had, and that if these needs were met, then people would be happy. A fourth school of psychology that could be said to precede all of the theories above

Impact of Globalisation on Social Identity and Conflict

Impact of Globalisation on Social Identity and Conflict Explore the local consequences of  globalization in relation to social identity,  social conflict and social policy. Globalization is more than a term or a word describing a certain condition with regard to the international community of countries, it is an active living thing that is consistently changing, mostly for the better, each day. It is the expansive interaction between a widening sphere of countries not only regarding the conduct of business, but the day-to-day business of living as well. Globalization is a conglomeration of commerce, different clothes, vehicles, pharmaceutical products, foods, travel, the Internet, movies, television, music, languages, customs, laws, and McDonald’s. It represents how differing countries are increasing affecting and being affected by other countries as a result of technology and commerce. Least we forget technology is not just business related, it represents the developments such as the giant sized Airbus A380[1] which can carry a record 840 passengers[2] to its destination, and McDonald’s whose golden arches can been seen in 122 countries[3 ]. These are prime examples of how globalization is in direct touch with individuals, therefore it (globalization) cannot be defined in strictly business or people terms, it is synonymous with both. The preceding then defines globalization as a blend of commerce and the public interacting as needs and circumstances arise to conduct their affairs. This can range from the need to arrive in Paris for business, or obtain service on one’s Mercedes in Los Angeles. The preceding calls for items and/or people to cross borders and thus the differing customs, cultures, politics and identities of these interacting countries comes into play. From this perspective it can logically be said that forms of globalization have been a part of the human race for basically as long as our tenure here. Alexander the Great’s invasion of Persia with just 40,000 men[4], and Marco Polo’s contact with China are limited scale examples globalization in its infancy. As man’s ability to negotiate the seas then air, as well as communicate via telegraph wire, telephone and the Internet all decreased the time it took for people and goods to reach their destination, the intensity of globalization increased. The cultural, social, legal and other nuances that accompany contact between differing countries on whatever scale it takes, be it an invasion, a bank transfer, or a new automotive plant the parties on both sides must make adjustments. And it is these adjustments that mark ‘globalization’, as cultures that developed separately are now engaged in some form of interaction. It is from this context that the subject matter â€Å"†¦the local consequences of globalization in relation to social identity, social conflict and social policy shall be explored. The meeting of differing cultures, regardless of the plane of contact (commerce, war, language, the Internet), specially in today’s terms, is the actualization of globalization. From this perspective one can see the linage of this reality to the dawn of human time. The context of separately developing cultures coming into contact represents a change, no matter how great the initial impact (war), or benign (a letter) and it causes an accommodation by both sides. Thus, depending upon the degree of influence with respect to said action(s), areas such as social identity, conflict and policy are impacted. It must be remembered that not necessarily all three aspects are present in each instance(s). As the scale, meaning number of people, increases this affects the manner in which said impact acts upon the three main categories, ‘social identity – conflict – policy’. These areas are not obscure concepts, they are integral parts of a country’s culture, language, customs, and traditions as well as laws and sociological composition. And there are times, based either on circumstances, such as war, or the natural progression of activity in a particular sphere, such as the acceptance of a product, goods or services, where the growth of such activity begins to change a country’s innate characteristics. The preceding refers to the context of ‘social’ identity, conflict and policy, whereby the impact of said outside influence tends to exert changes in how the present and future generations will see things in terms of a change in perspective from preceding generations. The impact of the first Model T in America is such an example. It allowed an ever increasing segment of the population to travel further from their original locale that ever before. Today the interstate highway system as well as those roads that traverse bordering countries permits people to make these journeys without so much as a thought with regards to globalization. While the foregoing does represent a sweeping statement, it does convey the idea which can thus be applied to other instances (hamburgers, television shows dubbed in languages, oil tankers, etc.). The preceding view is postulated by Agdal (2004)[5] in his discussion of pre and post colonialism where he stated that the European city model from its earliest days has been transmitted throughout the world as a result of exploration and conquest. He continues that the historical, social and cultural circumstances vary, but the foundations of the political and socio-economic constructs basically is the same through the world. Escobar (2000)[6] draws a correlation between the rise of globalization and the demise of â€Å"†¦real socialism†¦Ã¢â‚¬ [7] citing that the equation arises from the state control of socialism, versus the fluidity of the free market system. As the majority of the world’s nations are engaged in a free market economy they are able to expand their markets and thus derive increased revenues which spur growth. The foundation of a free market system is communication and negotiation, thus the socialist model which constrained these essentials was doomed to a self imposed isolationism in a static sized market (meaning number of countries under control). In contrast, the free market countries could constantly enter new areas, thereby increasing commerce. This occurrence is a direct illustration of how interaction with other countries, cultures, traditions, social systems and legal systems forces consistently ongoing accommodations. In a socialist system the view is that prov ided by the state. However this view can not be imposed in trade, tariff and other international commerce regulations where the interactions with people and their cultural, traditional and other views come into play, no matter how slightly. These outside influences slowly eat away at the established socialist fabric causing change. The introduction of McDonald’s in Russia provides such an example. Citizens at the local level experienced the menu and as the familiarity as well as number of outlets increased, so did the impact of this outside influence. The following will explore this phenomenon concerning globalization’s impact on social identity – conflict and policy. The Big and Small Picture Given the extensive nature of the scope of globalization’s reach as well as the multitude of influencing forces as work, understanding its consequences at a local level concerning social identity, conflict and policy requires understanding that the local aspect was /is initiated within the broader context. Without utilizing any specific examples in exploring the foregoing it should suffice to say while certain analogies might not be germane to certain conditions (meaning countries) the broader idea of the commonality of human interests, needs, wants and desires is relevant across all borders, abet in differing degrees of development based upon same. This refers to examples such as France and Myanmar. Formerly known as Burma the demographic profile of the populace proves a classical example of how at one level a country’s society can be used to and enjoy a vehicle, internet access, travel and other items as their daily necessities, while another segment might have to dev ote almost all of their daily attention on ensuring that they will have enough to eat. The difference in interests, needs, wants and desires would be extremely similar if the entire country lived at the same standard. One group might see themselves in terms of social identity, as comfortable with the way things are progressing which would bear a similarity to their demographic counterparts in France. This could entail the industrialization of a region or zone as part of a national plan to generate more hydro electric power or industrial capacity, as well as what, how and why they feel the way they do about varied social issues (conflict and policy). Whereas another social group might see the construction of said power station or plants as intrusions on their way of life as a result of the removal of either forest, farming, grazing or land they have come to accept as their way of live, such as the Amazon Indians. This example has no peer group in France, however the lack of same does not mean that their views would not similar if such a group did exist. The tendency to compartmentalize countries, and thus their inhabitants ignores the fact that depending upon the demographic, educational and other factors involved, peoples needs, wants, desires and interests remain relatively constant when things are basically the same. Social Identity In examining the levels of impact that globalization has on various aspects of society, which includes commerce, it must be remembered that as it is with all things, the core revolves around individuals. Therefore the following examinations of ‘identity, conflict and policy’ will be rooted in this understanding. The theory of ‘social identity’ was understood by Henri Tajfel and John Turner (1979)[8] who conceptualized that it consists of three ideas. Referred to as the â€Å"CIC Theory† it consists of: Categorization The almost overwhelming complexity of today’s world basically forces us as individuals to cluster things, ideas and other areas into manageable groups (categories) in order to understand them.[9] And this also applies to the fact that we tend to and do categorize people with such words such as policeman, Spaniard, race driver, Protestant, and teacher as it helps us as well as others when communicating to understand. And this of course applies to areas outside of one’s profession, religion, nationality and avocation. And whilst we are categorizing others we, by our preferences, ideas, beliefs and other facets are categorizing ourselves as well. In some quarters individuals define what they consider to be the norms of behavior they prefer in terms of associates, friends, acquaintances and thus the group(s) we ourselves belong to. The intense movement of ideas, products as well as people across national borders that is globalization brings into peoples lives various degrees of external impact that subtly changes the way they perceive things as well as ourselves. The era of globalization is quickly stripping certain levels of society of their historical identity in favor of a much broader context. Demographic groups staring at the upper middle class of almost all societies represent groups that are exposed on a consistent basis with the blending effects of this phenomenon. Blending, in the sense that the customs, traditions and cultural nuances that define differing countries, has become blurred within this group[10]. The degree of impact (in this instance blurring) many vary within these groups say between the United Kingdom and Russia, but it does occur. Thinking in terms of a foreign vehicle as being more preferable than one made domestically, or the selection of attire, appliances and other purchases, selections or preferences demonstrates this. The tremendous success of Coca Cola, McDonald’s and Disney in Russia are examples of how globalization impacts upon social identity at the local level. The consequences of such success by foreign companies, as well as ideas, is that they slowly erode traditional forms of drink, eating habits and customs as a result of the exposure. This distances segments of the population from certain aspects of their tradition, culture, customs and other unique aspects that define their heritage. Identification It is this preceding self-awareness of whom and what we believe we are that leads to our identification of the groups that we ourselves believe we belong to. Within this concept reside two important components, ‘social identity’ and ‘personal identity’. Our historical perceptions as well as our acquired preferences, social circle, peers, family and friends help to define the â€Å"†¦ in-groups†¦Ã¢â‚¬ [11] we identify with and helps to clarify the â€Å"†¦out groups†¦Ã¢â‚¬ [12] which we do not identify with. These differences are present in every society and have been so since the dawn of civilization. Outbreaks between tribes are the first examples of identification and the we versus them, I versus he (or them). Globalization has and does intrude upon as well as influence and shape social identity by virtue of the fact that the commerce, communications and movement of people brings cultures into increasing contact with each other. The degree or intensity of these instances is not really important as the fact is whatever the degree and or intensity is, it is sure to increase with the passage of time. The influence and impact of globalization on social identity increases as the age of the subject group decreases. This is primarily due to older adults having established and set views, principles, beliefs and value system that were honed over the years. And while elements of globalization are present within these areas, its influence is based upon the degrees of exposure that were considerably reduced in comparison to present levels of activity. The outside influence exerted upon successive younger generations is multiplied by the globalization influences on prior generations. This compound effect serves to erode established customs, traditions, and modify legal, as well as social systems. Comparison Our views, opinions and interactions with other individuals begin from the amalgam of our traditions, culture, upbringing and personal experiences. These aid in the formation of values and belief systems as well as other important physiological aspects.[13] In a healthy connotation the preceding enables us to feel good about ourselves and thus be able to â€Å"†¦deal effectively with the world†¦Ã¢â‚¬ [14] This â€Å"†¦self esteem†¦Ã¢â‚¬ [15] helps to underpin: Positive and Negative Distinctiveness In the positive context people view their own group as better than similar groups that they see as slightly, or more inferior. The other side of the coin is when we minimize differences of other groups so that the group we identify with is perceived favorably. Social Creativity This concept within ‘comparison’ is where those groups that see themselves as having high status based upon â€Å"†¦particular dimensions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ [16] utilize these aspects as their comparative base. Individuals from a lower status rationalize their group by placing emphasis on those values they see or believe are superior as justification for their way(s) of seeing and believing in what they think.[17] The aforementioned examination of ‘Social Identity’ serves to provide an understanding of individual perceptions as well as interpretations which globalization influences and impacts upon. The preceding is extremely important in that it impacts individuals on many personal belief levels both subtly as well as dramatically, influencing and impacting upon them personally (at a local level). Social Conflict This basic human condition has its roots in the first individuals living in caves. They banded together as a result of family and social bonds forming a protective group for survival and physiological comfort. As these groups grew in numbers, they tested their ways of living and thinking (identification), with other groups and where the differences (in language communication, territory, hunting, etc.) were sufficient, conflict erupted. This forms the basis for this concept in that those groups as well as individuals with control and power over various â€Å"†¦materials as well as non-material resources†¦[18]† tend to exploit those with the lesser of these components. The preceding is actualized either through the utilization of â€Å"†¦brute force†¦Ã¢â‚¬ [19] and/or economics. Karl Marx (1848)[20] stated that the process of social revolution is a result of class conflict with the powerful and rich exploiting the weak and poor. And this, when applied to gl obalization, explains how the influence and impact of more successful societies (in terms of commerce, social systems, philosophies, etc.) is stronger and thus changes those societies. The reverse of this process, meaning the weak and poor influence and impact upon the powerful and rich has less impact, therefore change at the lower level is in their favor. Social Policy A society needs order in which to operate and this is manifested by rules of acceptable behavior enacted into laws. These laws are control agents that can be either â€Å"†¦fair or unfair†¦Ã¢â‚¬ [21] as well as â€Å"†¦good or bad†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and are consistently under scrutiny by members of society to have them changed or amended to fit the interest of their group identification thereby providing them with more power. And globalization adds to this as the net effects of commerce serve to enrich those in power who influence and enact the laws through their views to the public. The more progressive the society, the more the public helps to mold and shape the rules (laws) as the system under which the government operates has been molded to respond to public influences. This principle underscores advanced democratic societies. The clamor for public recognition has been provided by scores of internal revolutions. Fidel Castro’s accent to power was a result of p ublic dissatisfaction with the old regime. And history has shown that in this instance that the lack of sufficient outside contact (globalization), has caused the populace economic repercussions. And the effects of globalization upon those who have left the borders of Cuba has been and is providing impetus to the population still there as these former citizens have seen and experienced a broader concept of life. And while this example does not provide much in terms of their ability to change or modify existing rules, Fidel Castro does make mild concessions in the understanding that holding onto power does require giving some (in this case small amounts and grudgingly) back. Globalization influences social policy in both directions as the powerful and rich, with their advantages of information access as well as involvement in commerce and the upper echelons of society are able to have their views and ideas reviewed as possible amendments to the law. And those at the lower rungs also seek the enactment of laws that benefit them. The effects of globalization influence both instances in that it impacts upon the way individuals see things as a result of new ideas, products, information and communication. As occupants on a sphere hurdling around a sun at 1,000 miles per hour the perception of countries, in terms of the human species, is an arcane concept. And globalization is proving this to be true. It is responsible for the demise of the former Soviet Union as that closed society had limited commerce options and this hampered their ability to complete with the financial resources of the free market system in financing its military debt. The slow build up of this debt financing pressure caused food lines and product shortages which the system (Soviet), in and of itself could not supply to its populace in sufficient quantities. And, it was the affects of globalization which contributed to the preceding. The education and exposure of the populace of a country means that the systems which govern that populace must also progress, change and modify itself in order to be representative of the human beings under its auspices. Failure to adhere to this basic tenet was the cause of the failure of Alexander’s conquests, as his succeeding generals where not able to effectively control what had been won. And this also spelled the end of the Roman Empire, Genghis Chan, as well as colonialism. The factor in all these equations is people and if their needs, wants and desires are not being met, they will eventually seek ways in which to acquire them, be it through a democratic process, or conflict. As governments have found that the unrest created by internal as well as external conflict usually weakens their hold on power, they have, or are coming to understand that they must accept change as an inevitable part of the process and either be responsive to it, or precede it. The broad scale of the preceding analysis does in fact apply to the localization of the consequences of globalization upon social identity, conflict and policy as governments preside over people and as history has shown, when the citizenry changes, so must the system which is supposed to be there to reflect their needs, wants and desires. Bibliography Agdal, Mohammed. 2004. Globalization, Identity Politics, and Social Conflict: Contemporary Texts and Discourses. Mohammed V University, Rabat. Escobar, Arturo. 2005. Notes on Networks and Anti-Globalization Social Movements. Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina. howstuffworks.com.2005. How the Airbus A380 Works. http://travel.howstuffworks.com/a380.htm/printable Khaleej Times Online.2005. Giant Airbus among planes on display at Paris Air Show. http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle.asp?xfile=data/theworld/2005/June/theworld_June254.xmlsection=theworld The Australian National University.2005. Social Identity. http://www.anu.edu.au/psychology/groups/categorisation/socialidentity.php Wikipedia.com. 2005. Alexander the Great. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great Wikipedia.com. 2005. McDonald’s Corporation. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonalds Wikipedia.com. 2005. Social Identity. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_identity 1 [1] Khaleej Times Online.2005. Giant Airbus among planes on display at Paris Air Show. http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle.asp?xfile=data/theworld/2005/June/theworld_June254.xmlsection=theworld [2] howstuffworks.com.2005. How the Airbus A380 Works. http://travel.howstuffworks.com/a380.htm/printable [3] Wikipedia.com. 2005. McDonald’s Corporation. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonalds [4] Wikipedia.com. 2005. Alexander the Great. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great [5] Agdal, Mohammed. 2004. Globalization, Identity Politics, and Social Conflict: Contemporary Texts and Discourses. Mohammed V University, Rabat. [6] Escobar, Arturo. 2005. Notes on Networks and Anti-Globalization Social Movements. Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina. [7] Ibid [8] Wikipedia.com. 2005. Social Identity. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_identity [9] Ibid [10] The Australian National University.2005. Social Identity. http://www.anu.edu.au/psychology/groups/categorisation/socialidentity.php [11] Ibid [12] The Australian National University.2005. Social Identity. http://www.anu.edu.au/psychology/groups/categorisation/socialidentity.php [13] Ibid [14] Ibid [15] Ibid [16] The Australian National University.2005. Social Identity. http://www.anu.edu.au/psychology/groups/categorisation/socialidentity.php [17] Ibid [18] Wikipedia.co. 2005. Social-conflict theory. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social-conflict_theory [19] Wikipedia.co. 2005. Social-conflict theory. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social-conflict_theory [20] Marxist.com. 2005. 90 Years of the Communist Manifesto. http://www.marxist.com/150years/trotskyintro.html [21] www.pitt.edu. 2005. Basic Concepts and Definitions. http://www.pitt.edu/~heinisch/basic.html

Warfare Technology :: essays research papers fc

In today’s world war plays a very important role in people’s lives. Some of these wars date as far back as the Roman Empire and Alexander the Great, while others are just being born and brought to the doorstep of the world. In 1939 this world was introduced to World War II. Although this war was based in Europe, it would touch the lives of people in every continent across the world, and have a massive impact on governments and civilians alike. It was also during this time that many advancements were emerging into the world. The United States of America made many technological advancements to their weaponry, armed forces, and the types of warfare crucial to the allied victory in World War II.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The advancements to weaponry in America during the 1930’s to 1940’s greatly influenced the tides of battle for the allies. The firearms of the time were becoming faster, increased accuracy, and more lethal. The M-1 Carbine was the standard semi-automatic rifle for all American troops and was later fitted to be fully automatic. The bazooka, invented in 1941 by American scientists, was first used in the invasion of North Africa in war and proved to be excellent anti-tank warfare. It was also during this time that bullets were upgraded from the pinfire type to the rimfire type. The rimfire type proved to be more precise and damaging because of its finer texture and cartridge case. Miscellaneous advancements include chemical agent weapons (i.e. nerve gas, mustard gas), flame-throwers, improved hand grenades, and other minor adjustments to firearms in general. The Americans during World War II also improved upon vehicles. On land the use of M-60 and M-1 m ain battle tanks were common. These tanks were often outfitted with a 105-mm gun, a 120-mm gun, or two to four 0.50 caliber machine guns. Also, the use of assault vehicles, armored transports, and tracked vehicles became more involved as technology grew. In the air many advancements were made as well. â€Å"The United States Airforce grew to its top strength during World War II† (World War II 10). Aircraft used by the Americans include the P-51 Mustang long-range fighter, bombers such as the B-17, B-24 Liberator, the B-25, and the B-29 (Enola Gay). It was these aircraft that coordinated air attacks, firebombing, the atomic bombing, and ground support that was crucial in gaining the upperhand. The sea was also the target of advancements.

Joint optimization of mean and standard

The author suggests that through the use of pacific algorithms, business can eliminate the DNS problems, and achieve a standardization of reporting. The findings of this study are not so much to introduce an overall fix for the DNS problem, but to inform the reader about a number of mathematician who are working to introduce a â€Å"one size fits all† solution to the global optimal solution in reporting the mean and the standard deviation targets (Mourn, Niece 2003).Reference: Kooky Mourn, Niece Diagonally. (2003). Journal of Quality Technology. Joint optimization of mean and standard deviation using response surface methods: http://search. Protest. Com. Explore. Bibliography. Mom/deceive/214494399 Joint optimization of mean and standard By affiliate entered wrong, or the deviation to large or small.The purpose of this article is to investigate the potential, and problems, with the dual response system (DRY), study, the author explores the use of each system and the inherent p roblems that deviation below a specified value. This one shot approach is acceptable, but this are using the DRY to obtain more flexible information access. One of the approaches is to use a nonlinear multiplicative programming technique that uses the NIMBUS software and Solver in an Excel spreadsheet to acquire simultaneous solutions to the

Free Essays on JetBlue Company Information

JetBlue is a low-fare, low-cost passenger airline that focuses on underserved markets and large metropolitan areas that have high average fares. JetBlue is based at New York City’s John F. Kennedy International Airport and has a west coast base in Long Beach, California near Los Angelas. The airline flies to 18 different cities within New York, California, Florida, Utah, Vermont, Louisiana, Colorado, Nevada, and Washington. Washington, DC and San Juan Puerto Rico are also flight destinations(â€Å"Learn more: fact sheet†, 2002). The fleet consists of 32 Airbus A-320s powered by. This is the only type of airplane that management wishes to use, and 100 more have been ordered for the next six years. All aircraft can hold 162 passengers in leather seats with a television at every seat (â€Å"Learn more: fact sheet†, 2002). Inflight entertainment consists of 24 channels of LiveTV, an in-air satellite system by Direct TV that David Neeleman owns. However, it is not available for the New York to Puerto Rico flight (â€Å"Jet blue: flying†, 2002). JetBlue has also teamed with Crunch Fitness International to create a Crunch Fitness Airplane Yoga Card to relax passengers without leaving their seats (â€Å"Have fun: crunch fitness†, 2002). To cut down on costs, there are no meals served on flights, but there are snacks and drinks. Acquiring a â€Å"paperless† cockpit cuts down on costs and speeds take-off time. Flights are booked online and all travel is ticketless. Those who fly often with JetBlue Airlines have the option to join the trueBlue Flight Gratitude program that is similar to competitor â€Å"frequent flyer miles† but instead uses a point system based on the length of the flight. 100 points equal one free round trip (â€Å"Jetblue: flying†, 2002). Currently, there are 2,361 JetBlue employees. No union workers are employed with this company. Employee benefits range from six types of insurance, 401(k), profit-sharing, a st... Free Essays on JetBlue Company Information Free Essays on JetBlue Company Information JetBlue is a low-fare, low-cost passenger airline that focuses on underserved markets and large metropolitan areas that have high average fares. JetBlue is based at New York City’s John F. Kennedy International Airport and has a west coast base in Long Beach, California near Los Angelas. The airline flies to 18 different cities within New York, California, Florida, Utah, Vermont, Louisiana, Colorado, Nevada, and Washington. Washington, DC and San Juan Puerto Rico are also flight destinations(â€Å"Learn more: fact sheet†, 2002). The fleet consists of 32 Airbus A-320s powered by. This is the only type of airplane that management wishes to use, and 100 more have been ordered for the next six years. All aircraft can hold 162 passengers in leather seats with a television at every seat (â€Å"Learn more: fact sheet†, 2002). Inflight entertainment consists of 24 channels of LiveTV, an in-air satellite system by Direct TV that David Neeleman owns. However, it is not available for the New York to Puerto Rico flight (â€Å"Jet blue: flying†, 2002). JetBlue has also teamed with Crunch Fitness International to create a Crunch Fitness Airplane Yoga Card to relax passengers without leaving their seats (â€Å"Have fun: crunch fitness†, 2002). To cut down on costs, there are no meals served on flights, but there are snacks and drinks. Acquiring a â€Å"paperless† cockpit cuts down on costs and speeds take-off time. Flights are booked online and all travel is ticketless. Those who fly often with JetBlue Airlines have the option to join the trueBlue Flight Gratitude program that is similar to competitor â€Å"frequent flyer miles† but instead uses a point system based on the length of the flight. 100 points equal one free round trip (â€Å"Jetblue: flying†, 2002). Currently, there are 2,361 JetBlue employees. No union workers are employed with this company. Employee benefits range from six types of insurance, 401(k), profit-sharing, a st...

Meet the Xenarthrans - Armadillos, Sloths, and Anteaters

Meet the Xenarthrans - Armadillos, Sloths, and Anteaters Armadillos, sloths, and anteaters, also known as xenarthrans (Greek for strange joints), can be distinguished from other mammals by (among other things) the unique joints in their backbones that endow them with the strength and support they need to pursue their climbing or burrowing lifestyles. These mammals are also characterized by their extremely few (or even no teeth), their relatively small brains, and (in males) their internal testicles. As youll know if youve ever seen a sloth in action, xenarthrans are also some of the slowest mammals on earth; they are technically warm-blooded, like other mammals, but their physiologies arent nearly as robust as those of dogs, cats or cows. Xenarthrans are an ancient group of placental mammals that once roamed across the expanse of Gondwana, before this giant continent of the southern hemisphere split up to form South America, Africa, India, Arabia, New Zealand, and Australia. The ancestors of modern armadillos, sloths and anteaters were initially isolated on the newborn continent of South America, but in the ensuing millions of years spread northward into areas of Central America and southern parts of North America. Although xenarthrans didnt make it into Africa, Asia, and Australia, these regions are home to unrelated mammals (like aardvarks and pangolins) that evolved the same general body plans, a classic example of convergent evolution. One little-known fact about xenarthrans is that they were prone to gigantism during the Cenozoic Era, at a time when many mammals achieved dinosaur-like sizes thanks to temperate climates and an abundance of food. Glyptodon, also known as the Giant Anteater, could weigh up to two tons, and its hollowed-out shells were sometimes used by the early human inhabitants of South America to shelter from the rain, while the giant sloths Megatherium and Megalonyx were about the size of the largest bears on earth today! There are about 50 species of xenarthrans extant today, ranging from the screaming hairy armadillo of South America to the pygmy three-toed sloth of the Panamanian coast. Classification of Xenarthrans Armadillos, sloths, and anteaters are classified within the following taxonomic hierarchy: Animals Chordates Vertebrates Tetrapods Amniotes Mammals Armadillos, sloths and anteaters In addition, armadillos, sloths, and anteaters are divided into the following taxonomic groups: Anteaters and sloths (Pilosa)Armadillos (Cingulata)