Double Science Coursework Essay Example

Double Science Coursework Essay Example Double Science Coursework Essay Double Science Coursework Essay The aim of this investigation is to identify any pattern that may exist in the way water moves in and out of plant cells.Variables:Dependant Variables : Mass of potato piecesIndependent variables: Concentration Of SolutionsControlled Variables: Solution VolumeSurface AreaDuration Of ExperimentTemperatureWeighing scales.Background Research:Plasmolysis:This is the contraction of cells within plants due to water loss through the process of osmosis. This happens when there is a higher concentration of water inside the cell than outside the cell, and thus water is drawn through the selective membrane from the area of high water concentration to the area with low water concentration.Hypotonic Solution:This is a solution with a lower concentration of solute, and thus a higher concentration of water than the cytoplasm of the cell. Therefore water moves into the cell, causing the cell to swell up.Hypertonic Solution:This is a solution with a higher concentration of solute, and thus a lower co ncentration of water than that within the cytoplasm of the cell. Therefore water moves out of the cell, causing it to contract.Isotonic Solution:This is a solution which has the same concentration of solute as that within the cell. Therefore there would be no movement of water through osmosis.Turgor Pressure:This is the positive internal pressure in the cell resulting from osmotic pressure i.e. it is the pressure of the cell contents pressing against the cell wall.Osmotic Pressure:In a hypotonic solution, water moves into the cell, and as the water moves into the cell, osmotic pressure increases. The reason why plant cells do not burst due to this pressure is that they have a strong cell wall made of cellulose that holds the cell together.Functions of Cell Wall in Plants:* They provide rigidity to the cells, maintaining their shape.* They protect against pathogens.* They prevent the cell from bursting when enough water enters the cell.* They are a store of carbohydrates for the plan t as they are made of the carbohydrate polymer called cellulose.Factors That Can Affect The Experiment:* Temperature As the temperature increases, the particles will gain energy, and thus move about more causing the rate of osmosis to increase.* Surface Area If the potato pieces were smaller, together they would have a larger surface area, assuming the total mass stayed the same, and thus the area for osmosis to take place would increase, and therefore the rate of osmosis would increase as well.Preliminary Results:Components of solutionMass of solute (g)Volume Of Water (cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)Mass at start (g)Mass at end (g)Mass change (g)Water01522.4+0.4Water + sugar11522.1+0.1Water + sugar21522.2+0.2Water + salt11521.6-0.4Water + salt21521.8-0.2For our preliminaries, we chose two solutions of sugar and salt each, with different concentrations of solute. We also conducted one test with just a solution of plain water. Although we found a general trend that mass increases for sugar, and de creases for salt, I believe that these results were not very accurate, as we did not control the surface are of the potato pieces, and instead concentrated on the mass. However, this experiment gave us an idea of what to expect for our main experiment, and we were able to make a prediction. Moreover, from our preliminaries, we were able to make the decision to use salt in our main experiment. We decided this as we found that it was a lot easier to weigh and handle the salt, rather than sugar, thus it would give us a better chance to obtain reliable and consistent results.Prediction:My prediction is that for the lower concentrations, the mass of the potato will increase as the conc. inside the cell will be greater, however, I believe that as we increase the concentrations of the solute, the mass of the potatoes will decrease.List Of Apparatus:* 18 test tubes* Potatoes* Core borer* Salt* Sugar (for preliminaries)* Distilled water* Weighing scales* Scalpel* Spatula* Measuring cylinders * Beakers* Ruler* Weighing boats* Test tube holders* Stirring RodMethod:* First we prepared the potato pieces by using a core borer to produce pieces of the same circumference.* Then using a ruler and a scalpel, we cut the pieces to the same length so as to ensure the same surface area.* We then placed the pieces in weighing boats and measured their mass on weighing scales.* Next we prepared the solutions by inserting the right amount of solute into 100cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ of distilled water in a measuring cylinder.* We then stirred it using a stirring rod in a beaker.* After that we measured out 25cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½of the solutions using a measuring cylinder.* Then we poured 25cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ of the solutions into the test tubes.* Next we placed the potato pieces in the test tubes containing the solutions.* We placed the test tubes in holders, and left them for 6 hours.* Then we extracted the potato pieces, dried them and measured their mass.* Lastly, we recorded the results on a table, and c alculated the average mass change for each concentration.Reliability:* We used the same weighing scale for all measurements so as to ensure that there was no discrepancy in the recordings.* We used the same core borer to make sure that the pieces had the same circumference.* We properly dried the potato pieces to ensure that any water on the surface of the potatoes would not affect the results.* We used the same type of test tubes so as to make sure that the surface area in contact remained the same.* We also made sure that the setup of the apparatus was the same for every test so that it did not affect the results.Safety:* Roll up sleeves and any loose clothing.* Be careful when using the scalpel.* Keep the desk clear of bags, books and other items.* Wear goggles.OBTAINING EVIDENCE% Concentration Of Salt per 100ml of water.Length Of Potato Pieces (cm)Mass At Start (g)Mass At End (g)Mass Change (g)Average Mass Change (g)010.800.98+0.18010.720.85+0.13+0.15010.660.80+0.140.410.730.82+ 0.090.410.790.89+0.10+0.09660.410.710.81+0.100.810.790.85+0.060.810.740.80+0.06+0.05660.810.810.86+0.051.210.740.71-0.031.210.760.74-0.02-0.031.210.720.68-0.041.610.740.69-0.051.610.810.76-0.05-0.04661.610.670.63-0.042.010.750.60-0.152.010.730.58-0.15-0.152.010.820.67-0.15Through this experiment, I have found out that the point where the solution is isotonic is between 0.8% and 1.2% concentration of salt; I will be able to predict the exact point by drawing a graph of the results. The results show that as we go below this point, the mass of the potatoes increases, due to water being taken in, and when we go above this point, the mass of the potatoes start to decrease as water is being lost.Graph:The graph that I have drawn of Average Mass Change against % Concentration Of Salt clearly shows the effect concentration has on the mass of the potato pieces. The linear relationship between the variables is quite strong, the potato pieces in the solution of plain water show the greatest in crease, and after that, as the concentration increases, the mass change of the potatoes decrease, until around 1.0% where the solution is said to be isotonic. As we increase the concentrations past 1%, the potato pieces lose more and more mass. The graph has a strong negative correlation. For the data, I used averages of the results for each concentration, and the graph shows that the value for 1.6% may be anomalous. I will evaluate whether this is the case, and if so what caused it in my evaluation.Conclusion:After studying the results, I was able to ascertain that my prediction was indeed right, because it was evident that the experiment followed the pattern I predicted. The mass of the potatoes did go up for the lower concentrations that were below the point where the solution would be isotonic, as the concentration of water was higher in the solution and water entered the plant cells. The mass of the potatoes did decrease for the higher concentrations, where water left the cell due to the concentration of water being higher inside the cell.EvaluationI believe that my results are fairly reliable, as I have done them to the best of my ability with the equipment available to me, controlled the variables carefully, and double checked all measurements and also made sure that the apparatus was properly set up every time. Through my graph, I could identify two results that might possibly be anomalous, as it did not completely conform with my line of best fit.The results for 1.6% showed a mass decrease of 0.0466 g, when it shouldve been around 0.09g, and the results for 0.8% showed a mass increase of 0.0566g, when it shouldve been around 0.03g I believe that this could have come about due to us not drying the beaker and the test tubes properly, and thus causing the solution to become more diluted, meaning that the diffusion gradient would be decreased, and less water would be lost by the plant. Therefore, if I were to repeat the experiment, I would take greater ca re in drying the apparatus, or maybe even use fresh beakers and test tubes for each test.

Solid Harvard Format Outline Step by Step Guide

Solid Harvard Format Outline Step by Step Guide Make It Look Harvard: Drafting an Outline in Harvard Format When students depart on their educational journey through college or university, they are most likely to encounter unknown tasks and unfamiliar requirements that make their hands tremble and mind race. Formatting, referencing, analyzing, providing literature review, methodology and discussion, and so on – the list can be expanded as required. But most requirements were not invented to complicate students’ lives. To the contrary, referencing and formatting standards were created to facilitate scholarly work and to standardize it. Thus everyone reading a paper knows what is meant by names and numbers in parentheses and how to decode reference entries. Harvard, also known as author and date format, is one of the most popular standards and after using it two or three times you will feel safe and confident in applying it. Outlining in Harvard style is no different from outlining in other styles. We will guide you step by step through main points and intricacies of the style, and then you can download a Harvard manual from the web and look up specific details that you need right on the go. Why Is Formatting and Referencing Important? Formatting gives a paper organized and neat look, and it also prompts readers what to expect from this paper. Abstract, footnotes, subheadings, reference part – all this is conditioned by a chosen format, so the more carefully you will approach the task the better your paper will be perceived by readers. Referencing is a separate point of attention. It means providing information about sources you used and indicating what exact ideas you borrowed and incorporated into your narration. If you fail to do so, you commit the worst academic crime – plagiarism. So to avoid blames of stealing ideas of others, credit every idea you use, whether in an outline or a ready paper and use a coherent citation standard across the paper. It will show that you take academic honesty seriously and are ready to be a part of the scholar community. This is where Harvard style comes in handy. Outlining is another important point. It is a plan of your paper will all key points mentioned and referenced. Yes, you should begin referencing on this stage already and it will significantly facilitate your work. 7 Basic Steps to Take While Writing an Outline Highlight and put down all key information that you see in sources; Organize it as a bullet point list with expanded notes after main subheadings; Cite author and date after each borrowed idea; Capitalize the authors’ names; Underline or put in italics names of books/articles; Create a rough reference page; Stay coherent in punctuation (no strict rules here). Basically, it all looks simple, but while writing outline students often skip referencing and then struggle to remember where the specific phrase or idea comes from. Apart from this complexity, you should not encounter any serious issue while using Harvard style to create a good outline, and, consequently, a good paper. General Path to Follow Now you may wonder how to structure your outline more precisely and what markers to use. It is also not that complicated. Subdivide your topic into points and give each point its sub-points. To differentiate between primary and secondary ideas use tabulation tool (indent). Flush left the lead point. Then make an indent and present sub-point(s). If you need to subdivide it, make a deeper indent. So the outline will look like a set of steps turned upside down. But this trick will help you to see what is important and what is supporting. Use various markers to differentiate between list levels: Roman numerals (main ideas) Arabic numerals (sub-points) Letters (upper case, lower case – for further subdivision) Letters in parenthesis. Switch between these markers and indentation to keep the structure of your outline visible to you and readable to your prof (if he or she requests to see the outline). No matter if you use Harvard or other standards, this basic rule of building an outline remains in place. Differentiate between levels and bring in more subdivisions if you need to add specific details and citations into main points. The more sub-points, the better the final paper will be. Applications of Harvard Formatting Style Harvard style is probably the most common formatting style because of its simplicity (it can contest with MLA only). Harvard formatting is used in Humanities and social science, but sometimes in business case studies as well. If you are assigned an outline with Harvard formatting, do not skip this task and do not treat it negligently. Making a good outline will help you to: Map out the information you found in a clearly readable way; Find inner connections and analogies; See what evidence goes where; See if you have enough evidence or need to research more; See what logical gaps you need to fill with additional research; Create a visible structure of your future paper. Application of Harvard style to outlining makes writing easier (because of the relative simplicity of style) and helps you keep your focus. By applying this style you get: Clear structure with logical subdivisions of issues and topics; The ready hierarchical structure of ideas (you see what is important and what can be skipped if you go beyond upper word count limit); A communication strategy that you can assess on the go and change without having to rewrite the whole paper; Bullet point image of your future paper – you can decide if you like it or not (and if your audience will like it). The outline is valuable in that it keeps you on the track of your thoughts and topics and does not let you stray away or forget something. While writing a paper it is very easy to get lost in explanations and lose the line of argument. An outline keeps you organized and brief, and by writing in bullet point format you can catch every idea that comes to your mind before it flies away. This is probably the highest benefit of outlining. We hope that we have persuaded you in the necessity of outlining and gave you the basics of Harvard style to keep you confident and going. Read through your outline and decide, if you have included everything you wanted or something else needs to be included yet. Check your introduction, conclusion and references. If everything seems in place, you are equipped to write a final paper. Finish Line Now that we have covered all major points Harvard style and outline creation do not look that intimidating. Actually, outlining is a valuable skill and so you should never miss a chance to practice it. Before setting to work, double check instructions given by your professor and what he or she expects to find in your outline. Whether your instructor wants to see a full-fledged plan with lots of subdivisions and citations or just a brief sketch showing that you are on the right track – anyway, you are well prepared to do it. But if you still need help and guidance, feel free to contact us and ask for assistance. We will create a proper outline, a whole paper and a reference page in Harvard format or in any other format you need. This is not a problem at all. We all learn by examples, so with our help and professionally crafted assignments you are bound to master the intricacies of this art – and get your good grades regularly.