5 Tips to Help You Rebuild a Bad Credit Score

5 Tips to Help You Rebuild a Bad Credit Score 5 Tips to Help You Rebuild a Bad Credit Score 5 Tips to Help You Rebuild a Bad Credit ScoreWhen it comes to fixing bad credit, there are no overnight solutions. More than anything else, youre going to have to learn to be patient.When you have bad credit and no savings, you’re stuck relying on no credit check loans and bad credit loans to cover financial shortfalls. And while the right bad credit installment loan could end up being a serviceable way to cover short-term costs, other short-term loansâ€"like payday loans, cash advances, and title loansâ€"might leave you stuck in an even deeper financial hole.In the long-term, finding the best bad credit loan is not going to be a viable solution. Instead, you should be focused on addressing the root of the problem: your credit score. Improving your credit will help you apply for better personal loans at lower rates, allowing you to leave the world of bad credit storefront and online loans behind you.Here’s the good news: Rebuilding your credit score is actually pretty simple! Her e’s the not-so-good news: That doesn’t mean it’s easy. Much of the advice that we dispense in this article still requires a fair amount of financial discipline; there are no silver bullets. We can provide you with a road map to better credit, but you’ll still have to make the journey yourself.1. Pay your bills on time.There are a total of five factors that make up your credit score. There’s your payment history, your total amounts owed, the length of your credit history, your credit mix, and your recent credit inquiries. Out of those five categories, your payment history is by far the most important, comprising 35 percent (over one third!) of your total score.As such, the best way to rebuild a bad credit score is to start paying your bills on time. And when we say that, we mean all your bills all the time. Given the damage that one late payment can do to your score, a single misstep can partially undo years of patient work. As it turns out, lenders and other companies that check your credit really hate missed or late payments.If paying your bills on time has been difficult for you, it’s time to make a plan. Set up e-bills and auto-alerts from your various accounts so that you get notified when a bill has been posted or payment is nearly due. Create a billing schedule for yourself to help you properly budget. If your payment dates are causing you headaches, contact your creditor and try to have them changed.Ultimately, you’ll want to get to a point where bills like utilities, insurance, and loan payments are paid automatically so that you don’t have to worry about them.   And with credit cards, make sure that you stay on top of them. If a bill isn’t something that you can “set and forget,” then create a process whereby forgetting it is virtually impossible. Your credit score requires it.2. Pay down your debt.While your payment history makes up 35 percent of your total scoreâ€"more than any other single factorâ€"your total amounts owed make s up an additional 30 percent. Together, they comprise an astounding 65 percent of your score. The third largest category, length of credit history, meanwhile, only makes up 15 percent.In case our point isn’t being made clear: The amount of debt you owe is a very important part of your credit score.If you have bad credit, it’s likely that you have taken out too much debt. And it’s not like all debt is weighed equally either: $10,000 in credit card debt is a problem, for instance, while $10,000 in student loan debt is well below the national average. As such, a lousy credit score probably means you have too much high-interest consumer debtâ€"which is to say, you owe too much on your credit cards.In order to pay down this debt, you’re going to need a plan. Two of the most popular strategies out there are the Debt Snowball and the Debt Avalanche. Both involve putting all your extra debt repayment funds towards one debt at a time while making only the minimum payments on your ot her debts. The difference is that the Debt Snowball prioritizes paying off your smallest debt first, while the Debt Avalanche priorities your debt with the highest interest rate.But no matter what debt repayment strategy you use, you’ll need to create a budget in order to free up the extra funds. Budgeting beginners can check out this handy first-timers guide, complete with a free downloadable spreadsheet. You might even consider getting a second job or side gig to earn some extra debt repayment cash.Lastly, be mindful of your credit utilization ratio: Try to never spend more than 30 percent of your total credit limit on any of your credit cards. Getting your total revolving debt load below 30 percent will help your score, and keeping it below the line moving forward will make sure it sticks. If needed, pay off your cards frequently to prevent your outstanding balances from crossing that 30 percent threshold.3. Keep your old cards open.The length of your credit history might pale in comparison to your amounts owed and your payment history, but it still makes up 15 percent of your overall score. Basically, the longer you have had accounts open and in good standing, the more it demonstrates your financial responsibility.As you are paying down your credit cards, it might seem like a good idea to close those old cards once they’re paid off. But closing older cards could actually hurt your score by shortening the average length of your credit accounts. It might seem counterintuitive, but it’s better to leave those old cards open.The reverse is true as well: While opening up some new credit cards might help improve your credit utilization ratio, it’s also lowering the average age of your credit accounts, hurting your score. Additionally, opening up a bunch of new cards means applying for a bunch of new cards and incurring a number of hard credit inquiries. This will, likewise, hurt your score.While it’s good to use those old cards every once in a while jus t to make sure that the account stays active, keeping those accounts open will mean leaving yourself open to temptation. The worst thing you could do is start using them to rack up unnecessary, expensive, and harmful debt. Don’t keep them in your wallet, and make sure they’re stored somewhere that isn’t easy to access.One last note: If you have an open credit card on which you also have some late or missed payments recorded, closing that credit card will not make those late/missed payments vanish from your credit report. Even after a credit account is closed, the record of the account is kept for up to seven years. If you want a record struck from your credit report, you’ll have to put in a little more work …4. Stop dodging debt collectors.A great way to sink your payment history is to have unpaid bills that get sent to collections. These collection accounts then get recorded on your credit history, dragging down your score. And while it might be tempting to avoid those de bt collectors’ oh-so-fun phone calls, doing so isn’t going to help your financial situation. In fact, it could make it even worse.If you dodge a (legitimate) debt collector’s phone calls, they could end up taking you to court. If the judge then rules against you, the debt collector could have your wages garnished in order to pay back your debtâ€"and sometimes additional court fees, too. All of this information will be recorded on your credit report, making good credit all the more difficult to achieve.Instead, you should meet these debt collectors head on. Make sure that you know your debt collection rights before engaging with themâ€"and keep an eye out for debt collection scamsâ€"but do your best to work with them towards an equitable solution. Debt collectors are used to collecting less than the total amount owed, and they might be happy to settle for a smaller number if it means they get to stop trying to track you down.Once your debt collection account is paid up, you can talk to the debt collector (very politely) about having the account removed from your report. The debt collector is under no obligation to do this, but there’s absolutely no harm in asking. If they tell you it’s been removed, you can request a free copy of your credit report at AnnualCreditReport.com to double check.5. Be patient.Rome wasn’t built in a day, and a bad credit score isn’t going to be fixed in one either. Even winning the lottery wouldn’t necessarily fix your credit overnight. (On the other hand, winning the lottery would also mean not having to worry so much about your credit score, but that’s neither here nor there.)We mentioned up top the importance of financial discipline in improving your credit score, and a sizeable portion of that discipline will go towards staying patient. While paying down your debt quickly can provide a rather quick boost to your score, building a solid payment history is going to take years to fully pay off.In the meantime, you s hould also focus on building up a well-stocked emergency fund to pair with improving your score. Even if your score isn’t yet high enough to qualify for a traditional personal loan, having the funds on-hand to cover an unforeseen bill or other financial shortfalls will mean that you don’t have to borrow any money at all either way!Improving your credit score is a marathon, not a sprint. But it’s a race well-worth running. In addition to building your score, you’ll be building a set of better financial habits that will benefit you for years to come.  To learn more about improving your financial practices, check out these other posts and articles from OppLoans:8 Good Habits to Get Your Financesâ€"and Your Lifeâ€"on TrackSave More Money with These 40 Expert TipsFinancial Basics: Expert Tips for Smarter Spending6 Great Reasons To Check Your Credit ReportDo you have a personal finance question youd like us to answer? Let us know! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.  |Ins tagram

The Top 10 SAT Math Formulas You Need to Know for the New SAT and PSAT...and the rest of them too.

The Top 10 SAT Math Formulas You Need to Know for the New SAT and PSAT...and the rest of them too. Please note: I am a Harvard grad, SAT/ACT perfect scorer and full-time private tutor in San Diego, California, with 18 years and 18,000 hours of teaching and tutoring experience. For more helpful information, check out my my SAT Action Plan as well as my free e-book, Master the SAT by Brian McElroy.Despite what many high school students believe, you need to know relatively few formulas for the New SAT Math section. The reason why there are so few formulas necessary for SAT Math is that the SAT is meant to test your reasoning skills more than your ability to memorize (though in some cases, of course, memorization is necessary). There are always multiple avenues to the solution of a problem, and I teach my students how to take a consistent, accurate approach that utilizes a minimum of formulas and takes the path of least resistance to each answer. Usually, this involves solving the problem differently than you would in math class, stressing technique and common sense over pure memoriz ation.Take, for example, the distance formula. Its a big, complicated mess of roots and pluses and minuses, and its easy to make a small mistake and screw the whole thing up. Well, no worries, because the distance formula is completely useless on the SAT--and it's just a rearranged Pythagorean theorem anyway. Youre better off just plotting the points on a grid, forming a right triangle and using the Pythagorean theorem. But wait, you say, dont I still have to memorize the Pythagorean theorem? Nope. Its provided for you at the beginning of each math section (though any student of geometry and trigonometry should know it anyway). The Pythagorean theorem is easier, more basic, and less prone to mistakes than the distance formula. So unless you are a whiz at the distance formula and never make careless mistakes on math questions, I would stick with the advice of Mr. Pythagoras.That being said, there are still a few things you must know by heart on test day.HERE ARE THE FORMULAS YOU MUST MEMORIZE FOR THE SAT:1) Percentage and Percent Change ( (Part/Whole) and (Difference/Original) x 100)2) The Circle Proportionality Formula (Slice/Area = Arc/Circumference = Measure of Inner Angle/360)3) The Formula for a Line (standard y=mx+b format as well as point-slope format: y-y1 = m(x-x1), and the slope equation (y2-y1) / (x2-x1) ).4) All 3Quadratic Identities (unfactored to factored form)(x2-y2)=(x+y)(x-y)x2+2xy+y2=(x+y)2x2-2xy+y2=(x-y)25) The Third Side Rule for Triangles (a-b) c (a+b) if c represents the third side and b and a represent the lengths of the other two sides.6) Direct and Indirect Proportion (a1/b1)=(a2/b2) and (a1a2 = b1b2), respectively 7) Average = (Total / Number of things)8) Probability = (Desired Possibilities / Total Possibilities).9) Surface Area of a Cube = 6s210) Distance = Rate x Time (#38 C Test 5, #9 C Test 3)These are the only formulas you needed to know for the old SAT, but there are some additional formulas and concepts that you will need for the new SAT and PSAT. On the new SAT (starting March 2016) and new PSAT (starting October 2015) you must also be familiar with the following:-----11) TheQuadratic Equation (#14 NC Test 3, #15 NC Test 4). Also know what the discriminant is. If the discriminant is POSITIVE, then there are 2 real roots ("roots" is another word for "solutions" when equations are written in ax^2+by+c = 0 form). If the discriminant is ZERO, then there is 1 real root. If the discriminant is NEGATIVE, then there are no real roots. (#13 C Test 6)12) Understanding (not calculating!) Standard Deviation (#23 C Test 4)13) Binomial and Synthetic Division 14) Weighted Averages (#19 NC Test 5) 15) Simultaneous Equations / Substitution (#19 C Test 1)16) Functions 17) Imaginary numbers (i) and the iterations of i. Binomial addition involving constants and i by combining like terms (adding and subtracting complex numbers)18) Multiplying by the conjugate of the denominator with complex numbers (#11 Test 2) 19) Complet ing the square 20) Sin x = Cos (90-x) (#19 NC Test 1)21) Concept: the vertex of a parabola is located at the midpoint of its x-intercepts (#12 NC Test 3)22) The vertex (h,k) form of a parabola: a(x-h)^2 + k23) Area of a triangle = 1/2 ab sin C 24) Concept: when an upward projectile reaches its highest point, its velocity is zero.25) Concept: when an upward projectile lands, its height is zero.26) Concept: the sides of similar triangles all have the same respective proportions. (#17 NC Test 1, #18 NC Test 2)27) Concept: in a system of linear equations, there is no solution if the slopes of the two lines are the same (parallel) and the y-intercept is different. (see #9 Test 3) Conversely, there are infinitely many solutions is the slopes of the two lines are the same and the y-intercept is also the same (#20 NC Test 2) 28) Concept: to find the intersections of two lines, set them equal to one another (#13 test 4) 29) Concept: the zeroes or "roots" of a function are the x-coordinates w here it crosses the x-axis (and where the y value outputs zero).30) Concept: the arc measure formed by an angle with its vertex on a circle is double the measure of the angle. (#36 C Test 5)31) Concept: the value of a function is undefined when the denominator is equal to zero (#36 C Test 1)32) Concept: the proportion of distance that you travel along the hypotenuse of a right triangle is equal to the proportion of distance that you travel along both legs. (#16 NC Test 4)33) Concept: a polynomial of Nth degree has at most N-1 changes in direction.34) The equation of a circle with center (h,k) and radius r: (x-h)2 + (y-k)2= r2 (#24 C Test 1)35) Polynomial Remainder Theorem (#29 C Test 1) (#7 NC Test 3)36) Domain and Range37) Manipulating Absolute Value Inequalities38) Negative and Fractional Exponents (#3 NC Test 3)39) Rules of Exponents: "Same Root" Tricks (multiplication = add the exponents, division = subtract the exponents, taking to a power = multiply the exponents). "Same Expon ent" Trick (perform the operation on the base and keep the exponent the same for multiplication and division operations) 40) Parallel Lines and Transversals(#36 C Test 1)41) Positive and Negative Associations in Graphs (#5 C Test #1)42) radians = 180 degrees (#19 NC Test 2)43)Box and whisker plots (showed up on March 2018 SAT)-----Thats all you need to know as far as formulas and concepts!YOU SHOULD ALSO KNOW THE DEFINITIONS OF THE FOLLOWING TERMS:-PEMDAS AND THE ORDER OF OPERATIONS. If you dont know what Im talking about here, talk to your math teacher, pronto! Just a reminderParentheses, Exponents, Multiplication, Division, Addition, Subtraction. Also remember that a TI-83 (perfectly legal on this test) automatically performs PEMDAS so long as you enter the expression correctly.- MEAN, MEDIAN, MODE. Mean is the same as average. Median is the number in the middle after rearranging from low to high. In the case that the list has no true middle because it has an even number of terms , find the average of the middle two. So the median of the list { 1 1 5 5 } is (1+5)/2 which equals 3. MODE is quite simply the number that appears the MOST. Multiple modes are possible if there is a tie for greatest frequency: the example I just listed, for example, has two modes, 1 and 5.-INTEGERS. Integers are whole numbers, including zero and negative whole numbers. Think of them as hash marks on the number line. (For those who dont know what hash marks are, picture the while yardage markings on the grass of a football field.) Dont forget that zero is an integer and that negative whole numbers are integers too. Remember that -3 is less than -2, not the other way around (sounds simple but is a common mistake. If I fooled you initially with that one, think of greater than as further to the right on a number line, and less than as further to the left.-PRIME NUMBERS. Prime numbers are positive integers that are only divisible by themselves and the number 1. Be able to list all the p rimes you between 1 and 50remember that 1 is not a prime and there are no negative primes. By the way, 51 is not primethat question actually showed up on a recent SAT. 17 x 3 = 51. What, you forgot your times tables for 17? ;)2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19,23,29,31,37,41,43,47,53, etcAlso, be able to use a factor tree and find all the factors of a number and perform a prime factorization of a number (this means you find a series of prime numbers that multiplies together to equal that number). The prime factorization of 18, for example, is 3 x 3 x 2.-PYTHAGOREAN TRIPLES. These are particular types of Right Triangles that just happen to have exact integers as sides. The SAT loves to use them, so know them by heart and save yourself the trouble of calculating all those roots. Here are the ones they use:3/4/5, 5/12/13, 6/8/10, 7/24/25, 8/15/17Please note that Pythagorean Triples are not the same as 45/45/90 and 30/60/90 trianges, which are provided for you at the beginning of each Math section.)-Y LESS THAN X(for example, x-7 is the correct mathematic translation of 7 less than x. Be careful because many students will write this as 7-x, which is incorrect.)-THE WORD OF. (of always means multiply.)-DIGITS. Digits are to numbers what letters are to words. There are only 10 possible digits, 0 through 9.-MULTIPLES. The MULTIPLES of x are the ANSWERS I get when I MULTIPLY x by another INTEGER. For example the multiples of 5 are 5,10,15,20 etc. as well as 0 (a multiple of everything because anything times zero is zero) as well as -5, -10, -15 and other NEGATIVE MULTIPLES.-FACTORS. The factors of x are the answers I get when I divide x by another integer. For example the factors of 60 are 30, 20,15,12,10,6,5,4,3,2,1, as well as -5,-6,-10 etc.-REMAINDER. Remainder is the whole number thats left over after division. For example 8/3 equals 2 remainder 2. Remainder is particularly helpful on pattern and sequence problems.-CONSECUTIVE INTEGERS. Consecutive integers are integers in order from least to greatest, for example 1,2,3. The SAT may also ask for consecutive even or odd integers. For example -6,-4,-2, 0, 2, 4 etc (yes zero is even) or 1, 3, 5 etc.-SUM. Sum means the result of addition. The sum of 3 and 5 is 8. I know, duh, but youd be surprised how many students will say 15 if they are not paying close attention.-DIFFERENCE. Difference is the result of subtraction.-PRODUCT. The result of multiplication. Do not confuse with sum!-ODD AND EVEN NUMBERS. Even numbers are all the integers divisible by 2, and odd numbers are all the other integers.-POSITIVE and NEGATIVE NUMBERS. Be aware that if the problem asks for a negative number, that does not necessarily mean a negative INTEGER. -1.5 will do just fine. Zero is neither negative nor positive. Be aware of strange tricks with negatives, and that negatives taken to EVEN powers are positive and that negatives taken to ODD powers are negative. -POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE ROOTS. Although you might think that the root of 9 is "positive or negative" 3, the rules of math say that it's actually positive 3 only. Here's how to remember it: if you see the root symbol, then you want the positive answer only. However, if the question says x2 = 9, then the answer could be either positive or negative 3. Strange, I know, but that's the rule. Beware: this concept appeared on both the October and November 2018 exams! In addition, youre going to have to remember basic geometrical concepts (vertical angles are congruent, perpendicular lines have slopes that are negative reciprocals of each other, etc.), and how to re-write expressions with negative or fractional powers. The fewer formulas you need to remember, the more you can focus on technique, and good technique is the true key to an excellent SAT score. I dont teach my students unnecessary formulas because I can teach them to find the answers using a more logical approach to the problem.So why did I spend all those years in math class, memorizing formulas, you might ask, when most of these formulas are unnecessary for the SAT? Well, as I mentioned earlier, formulas are de-emphasized on the SAT because the SAT is meant to be a test of logic more than a test of raw facts. All those formulas you learned in math class are fine to know, and yes, the new SAT requires that you memorize more formulas and equations than ever before, but if you respond to all the SAT Math problems in exactly the same way your math teacher taught you, youre probably going to run out of time, and youre most likely not going to get a very good score. This isnt math class, where you have to show your work or use proper technique. This is the SAT, where the only thing that matters is that you get the correct answer as quickly as possible. So you can get away with shortcuts galore. This is why the best SAT math tutors focus on problem recognition, technique and logic more than they focus on pure mem orization.-Brian

Reasearch on the Brain Functions of Autistic Children

In the late 1990’s, researchers from the University of California, San Diego wanted to know if there was connection between mirror neurons and autism.1 They hypothesized that since these neurons play a role in a person’s ability to feel empathy, they found it sensible to think it might be the cause of autistic symptoms.1 Autism is a disorder found among children where areas of the brain fail to work thus makes it difficult for individuals to communicate.4 A researcher, Giacomo Rizzolatti at the University of Parma Italy, conducted a study in the 1990’s studying Macacas. His group studied the motor command neuron from the premotor cortex. The neuron is part of the frontal lobe that is responsible for voluntary movements. Electrodes were hooked up to the brain and the macacas had to perform goal oriented actions.1 When a macaca reached for a peanut, the same exact neuron from another monkey observing them was fired also. This action surprised Giacomo and his colleagues. They found out the neuron is also found in the same regions as the human cortex1. Further research of the mirror neurons were shown to be located in different parts of the brain such as the insular and cingulate cortices. They found out that the neurons at the anterior cingulate cortex are fired when a person is in pain and the same goes for the person who watches them1. It was concluded that mirror neurons are seen to be performing similar functions that is found in autism meaning that if there was aShow MoreRelatedAutism Essay1317 Words   |  6 PagesGreen Mr. Van Boening English 12 Block 8 6 October 2014 Autism Spectrum Disorder Autistic children experience the world a lot more differently than others. For example, children with autism are not capable of using words, and have a hard time communicating in general by any means. Specific sounds, like loud crashes and yelling, would bother an autistic child that wouldn’t normally bother a child that wasn’t autistic. We need to learn more about autism so we can handle it, as it is the fastest growing

How Common Is Homosexuality in Animals

Feminism And The World Of The 2016 Election - 884 Words

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More specifically, Secretary Clinton is collecting votes from the traditional feminists, while Senator Bernie Sanders is viewed as the o ne and only candidate who supports the interests of Intersectionality. This has demonstrated a tremendous schism in the feminist movement and even positioned Clinton supporters against Sander’s followers. Moreover, it has also caused women to question the legitimacy of each other’s views of feminism, with claims that Hilary is the only viable candidate for a true feminist. However, this limited perspective blindly assumes that women are going to vote based solely on the sex of the candidate,Show MoreRelatedWomen s Role For Women1343 Words   |  6 PagesThe debate about equality for both genders has dominated the media over the years, from the times of feminism (the 1980s) to post feminism (Hokowhitu). In politics, the belief about masculinity is still a major issue that has been discussed over the years. 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History Of Portugal Essay - 681 Words

Under King Emanuel, Portuguese power reached its height. From 1497 to 1499 Vasco da Gama made the first voyage to India following the route discovered by Dias, and inaugurated a lucrative trade in spices and other luxuries between Europe and South Asia. Led by Afonso de Albuquerque, the Portuguese occupied Goa, India, in 1510, Malacca (now Melaka, Malaysia) in 1511, the Moluccas (in present-day Indonesia) in 1512-14, and Hormuz Island in the Persian Gulf in 1515. During the same period they opened up trade with China and established relations with Ethiopia. As other Portuguese kings had done, Emanuel dreamed of uniting Portugal and Spain under his rule and successively married two daughters of King Ferdinand V and Queen Isabella I. Under†¦show more content†¦After 1600, Portuguese domination of trade with the East Indies was lost to the Dutch and the English. Under Philip I, Portugal enjoyed considerable autonomy, but his successors, Philip II (Philip III of Spain) and Phili p III (Philip IV of Spain), treated it as a Spanish province, provoking widespread discontent. After unsuccessful revolts in 1634 and 1637, Portuguese conspirators with the support of France won independence for their kingdom in 1640. John, duke of Braganza, was elected John IV, first king of the house of Braganza, which ruled Portugal as long as the monarchy endured. John IV and His Successors (1640-1816) King John expelled the Dutch from Brazil, which they had occupied in 1630, and renewed the traditional tie with England. Although further weakened by conflicts with Spain in the second half of the 17th century, Portugal recovered a measure of prosperity in the 18th century, after gold and diamonds were discovered in Brazil. Between 1683 and 1750, during the reigns of Pedro II and John V, British merchants came to dominate Portuguese trade; the monarchy became more despotic and the Cortes fell into disuse. During the reign (1750-77) of Joseph Emanuel, the kingdom was controlled by the chief-minister, Sebastià £o Josà © de Carvalho e Mello, marquà ªs de Pombal, considered one of the greatest statesmen in modern Portuguese history. Although a ruthlessShow MoreRelatedThe History Of Portugal1582 Words   |  7 PagesAs one of the countries we examined to place a Dunkin’ Donuts, was Portugal. Portugal was founded as a republic in 1910 after a revolution had taken place. Since then Portugal has become a part of the National American Treaty Organization, the United Nations, and the European Union. They are still a 3 branch Republic with both a President and Prime Minister, where they have a Parliamentary Particracy government system. 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Psychology of law Free Essays

Even though psychological region is the primary cause of police-induced false confessions, individuals differ In their ability to withstand interrogation pressure and thus in their susceptibility to making false confessions. All other things being equal, those who are highly suggestible or compliant are more likely to confess falsely. Interrogative suggestibility tends to be heightened by sleep deprivation, fatigue, and drug or alcohol withdrawal. We will write a custom essay sample on Psychology of law or any similar topic only for you Order Now Individuals who are highly compliant tend to be conflict avoidance, acquiescent, and eager to please others, especially authority figures. With these coercive tactics, the police play on these weaknesses and pray on the Individuals. This is a problem even if the individual is in fact guilty but is much more of a problem when the individual is innocent and gives a false confession. Authorities. Researchers and the media have focused a growing awareness of incidences of coerced false confessions, as well as the associated personal and legal implications involved. The Innocence Project, a non-profit legal clinic that assists those wrongfully convicted of crimes, claims that 8% of wrongful convictions are due o forced confessions prompted by police. Consequently, measures have been taken to try and reduce their frequency. There are many aspects in which coercive tactics are problematic but for the sake of this essay I will focus solely on its leading to false confessions. In the past two decades, hundreds of convicted prisoners have been exonerated by DNA and non-DNA evidence, revealing that police-induced false confessions are a leading cause of wrongful conviction of the innocent. Although the prevalence rate is unknown, recent analyses reveal that 20 to 25% of prisoners exonerated by DNA had confessed to police. In the Central Park Jogger case, for example, all five Juveniles falsely confessed after lengthy unrecorded Interrogations In which they were yelled at, lied to, threatened, and promised Immunity In exchange for their admissions to participating in the assault and rape. In 15 to 20 percent of the DNA cases, police-induced false confessions were the primary cause of the wrongful conviction. Once detectives misclassifying an innocent person as a guilty suspect, they often subject him to an customarily interrogation. Getting a confession becomes particularly I OFF profile cases in which there is great pressure on police detectives to solve the crime, there is no other source of potential evidence to be discovered, and typically there is no credible evidence against an innocent but misclassified suspect. It is perhaps not surprising that most documented false confessions occur in homicides and high- profile cases. In these cases the police have the capability of being very coercive, which in turn can cause false confessions. Once the interrogation commences, the primary cause of police-induced false confession is psychologically coercive police ethos. Psychological coercion can be defined in two ways: police use of interrogation techniques that are regarded as inherently coercive in psychology and law, or police use of interrogation techniques that, cumulatively, cause a suspect to perceive that he has no choice but to comply with the interrogators’ demands. Usually these amount to the same thing. Psychologically coercive interrogation techniques include some examples, such as deprivations (of food, sleep, water, or access to bathroom facilities), incommunicado interrogation, and induction of extreme exhaustion and fatigue. In the modern era, however, these techniques are rare in domestic police interrogations. Instead, when today’s police interrogators employ psychologically coercive techniques, they usually consist of (implicit or express) promises of leniency and threats of harsher treatment. As Offset and Leo have written, â€Å"the modern equivalent to the rubber hose is the indirect threat communicated through pragmatic implication†. Threats and promises can take a variety of forms, and they are usually repeated, developed, and elaborated over the ours of the interrogation. Most documented false confessions in recent decades have been directly caused by or have involved promises or threats. Another form of psychological coercion, causing a suspect to perceive that he has no choice but to comply with the wishes of the interrogator, is not specific to any one technique but may be the cumulative result of the interrogation methods as a whole. If one understands the psychological structure and logic of contemporary interrogation, it is not difficult to see how it can produce this effect. The custodial environment and hysterical confinement are intended to isolate and disembowel the suspect. Interrogation is designed to be stressful and unpleasant, and it is more stressful and unpleasant the more intense it becomes and the longer it lasts. Interrogation techniques are meant to cause the suspect to perceive that his guilt has been established beyond any conceivable doubt, that no one will believe his claims of innocence, and that by continuing to deny the detectives’ accusations he will only make his situation (and the ultimate outcome of the case against him) much worse. The suspect may perceive that he has no choice but to comply with the detectives’ wishes, because he is fatigued, worn down, or simply sees no other way to escape an intolerably stressful experience. Some suspects come to believe that the only way they will be able to leave is if they do what the detectives say. Others comply because they are led to believe that it is the only way to avoid a feared outcome (e. G. , homosexual rape in prison). When a suspect perceives that he has no choice but to comply, his resultant compliance and confession are, by definition, involuntary and the product of coercion. How to cite Psychology of law, Papers