Reasearch on the Brain Functions of Autistic Children

In the late 1990’s, researchers from the University of California, San Diego wanted to know if there was connection between mirror neurons and autism.1 They hypothesized that since these neurons play a role in a person’s ability to feel empathy, they found it sensible to think it might be the cause of autistic symptoms.1 Autism is a disorder found among children where areas of the brain fail to work thus makes it difficult for individuals to communicate.4 A researcher, Giacomo Rizzolatti at the University of Parma Italy, conducted a study in the 1990’s studying Macacas. His group studied the motor command neuron from the premotor cortex. The neuron is part of the frontal lobe that is responsible for voluntary movements. Electrodes were hooked up to the brain and the macacas had to perform goal oriented actions.1 When a macaca reached for a peanut, the same exact neuron from another monkey observing them was fired also. This action surprised Giacomo and his colleagues. They found out the neuron is also found in the same regions as the human cortex1. Further research of the mirror neurons were shown to be located in different parts of the brain such as the insular and cingulate cortices. They found out that the neurons at the anterior cingulate cortex are fired when a person is in pain and the same goes for the person who watches them1. It was concluded that mirror neurons are seen to be performing similar functions that is found in autism meaning that if there was aShow MoreRelatedAutism Essay1317 Words   |  6 PagesGreen Mr. Van Boening English 12 Block 8 6 October 2014 Autism Spectrum Disorder Autistic children experience the world a lot more differently than others. For example, children with autism are not capable of using words, and have a hard time communicating in general by any means. Specific sounds, like loud crashes and yelling, would bother an autistic child that wouldn’t normally bother a child that wasn’t autistic. We need to learn more about autism so we can handle it, as it is the fastest growing

How Common Is Homosexuality in Animals

Feminism And The World Of The 2016 Election - 884 Words

Feminism and Intersectionality are at the forefront of the 2016 election. While feminism is still viewed in somewhat limited terms of promoting the equality and status of women, Intersectionality is defined in much broader language, as the interconnection of race, gender, ability, and class in the social world. Moreover, all of these intersecting categories overlap and cannot be separated. Thus, the traditional view of feminism, that promotes the equality of women first and foremost, is often pitted against Intersectionality, that gives equal credence to other factors, such as race, economics, etc. These seemingly opposing views have never been more apparent than during the nomination for the 2016 Democratic candidate. The two nominees, Hilary Clinton and Bernie Sanders, epitomize the changing views on feminism and the advent of Intersectionality. More specifically, Secretary Clinton is collecting votes from the traditional feminists, while Senator Bernie Sanders is viewed as the o ne and only candidate who supports the interests of Intersectionality. This has demonstrated a tremendous schism in the feminist movement and even positioned Clinton supporters against Sander’s followers. Moreover, it has also caused women to question the legitimacy of each other’s views of feminism, with claims that Hilary is the only viable candidate for a true feminist. However, this limited perspective blindly assumes that women are going to vote based solely on the sex of the candidate,Show MoreRelatedWomen s Role For Women1343 Words   |  6 PagesThe debate about equality for both genders has dominated the media over the years, from the times of feminism (the 1980s) to post feminism (Hokowhitu). In politics, the belief about masculinity is still a major issue that has been discussed over the years. Women fight to receive equal treatment in leadership and representation at the governments’ top positions. This paper focuses on 2016 elections in the United States which became the topic of discussion across media platforms. Most people felt thatRead MoreFeminism : A Feminist Perspective1667 Words   |  7 PagesModern Feminism Before we begin, I want you to create a picture in your head. You read that there is going to be a feminist rally in your local city this afternoon. What does your mind picture? Lots of pink I’m sure. Who is there? Why, a bunch of women, of course! And what could they possibly want this time? I’ll let you keep that one to yourself. We all know that in today’s world, feminism is often seen as a joke. Just a bunch of white women prancing around with signs expressing their angst forRead MoreFeminism Of A Post Feminist Period Essay1692 Words   |  7 Pagespost-feminist period in which gender is no longer a major barrier to equity. The paper will utilise feminism theory through use of article to create an argument to support this debate. It will also incorporate some compelling case justifying the researcher’s position. †¢ Identification of the issue (background information) Post Feminism simply can be referred to as the way of moving to the next step after feminism which is an absolute need for equality of man and woman that based on gender equality. ExampleRead MoreDonald Trump s Presidential Election Essay1361 Words   |  6 PagesDonald’s Trump’s victory in the 2016 election is very complex. The political mishaps that have occurred since JFK’s presidency reshaped the American psyche of who the president should be. This chain of dissatisfaction with the federal government led the American people to hope for a president who is honest, free of corruption, and supportive of the middle class. Trump recognized the American need for a new kind of president and took on a persona that perfectly exemplified this. The Trump MythologyRead MoreWomen And The Presidency : Ending The Misogyny1730 Words   |  7 PagesSupreme Court (â€Å"Women Presidential†). The 19th century was the most misogynic time for women to run for president si nce women did not have the right to vote. Because women did not have voting rights, Woodhull and Lockwood did not win their respected elections. It was during the 20th century when women were starting to be taken seriously, starting with the 19th Amendment to the United States Constitution being passed. The amendment states that â€Å"The right of citizens of the United States to vote shallRead MoreWomen During The Civil War Essay1540 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Objects† with Objectives Once upon a time in a world dominated by men, women had been forced to comply with society s blinding notion that they were pieces of property meant to play the domesticated role of a dutiful housewife. This was true up until the late 1840s when women began to realize their worth was so much more than a floor-moping, dinner-making, stain-bleaching slave to six children and an ungrateful husband. That may sound rash and some situations may have been different, but beforeRead MoreWomen During The Civil War Essay1537 Words   |  7 PagesOnce upon a time in a world dominated by men, women had been forced to comply with society s blinding notion that they were pieces of property meant to play the domesticated role of a dutiful housewife. This was true up until the late 1840s when women began to realize their worth was so much more than a floor-moping, dinner-making, stain-bleaching slave to six children and an ungrateful husband. That may sound rash and some situations may have been dif ferent, but before the civil war these womenRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Women Essay1365 Words   |  6 Pagesthe majority their face. There are even countries who stone women for being unfaithful to their husbands. This does not happen to men. Considering this information, does feminism really effect men? These women have fathers, husbands, and brothers. If we can somehow convince our own fathers, husbands, and brothers that feminism is not just a bad word, maybe it would lead the way to worldwide gender equality. It is imperative for our children s future that we continue the feminist movement. To achieveRead MoreGender Inequality Within The United States1531 Words   |  7 Pagesbeing shared more equally in workspace due to the feminism movements and higher literacy level of women, but there are still gender inequality existing in our society. Feminism movements have a significant effect on western society, including the equal access to employment opportunities and freedom to do whatever they want. From the second wave feminism, feminists attempted to change and eased the obstacles that women face in workplace Feminism movements also allowed women to expand their careersRead MoreWomen s Rights And Equality1020 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Who run the world? Girls,† is an iconic lyric from Beyonce s â€Å"Run the World,† and may give the impression that women have been dominating the world, just like men. What a listener will not hear in â€Å"Run the World† is how long it took and how much effort it took just to give women the slight feeling of equality that they have today. The rights women have now would not be in place without the feminist movement, starting in the 1960s. In the 60s, women began to take action, believing that the phrase

History Of Portugal Essay - 681 Words

Under King Emanuel, Portuguese power reached its height. From 1497 to 1499 Vasco da Gama made the first voyage to India following the route discovered by Dias, and inaugurated a lucrative trade in spices and other luxuries between Europe and South Asia. Led by Afonso de Albuquerque, the Portuguese occupied Goa, India, in 1510, Malacca (now Melaka, Malaysia) in 1511, the Moluccas (in present-day Indonesia) in 1512-14, and Hormuz Island in the Persian Gulf in 1515. During the same period they opened up trade with China and established relations with Ethiopia. As other Portuguese kings had done, Emanuel dreamed of uniting Portugal and Spain under his rule and successively married two daughters of King Ferdinand V and Queen Isabella I. Under†¦show more content†¦After 1600, Portuguese domination of trade with the East Indies was lost to the Dutch and the English. Under Philip I, Portugal enjoyed considerable autonomy, but his successors, Philip II (Philip III of Spain) and Phili p III (Philip IV of Spain), treated it as a Spanish province, provoking widespread discontent. After unsuccessful revolts in 1634 and 1637, Portuguese conspirators with the support of France won independence for their kingdom in 1640. John, duke of Braganza, was elected John IV, first king of the house of Braganza, which ruled Portugal as long as the monarchy endured. John IV and His Successors (1640-1816) King John expelled the Dutch from Brazil, which they had occupied in 1630, and renewed the traditional tie with England. Although further weakened by conflicts with Spain in the second half of the 17th century, Portugal recovered a measure of prosperity in the 18th century, after gold and diamonds were discovered in Brazil. Between 1683 and 1750, during the reigns of Pedro II and John V, British merchants came to dominate Portuguese trade; the monarchy became more despotic and the Cortes fell into disuse. During the reign (1750-77) of Joseph Emanuel, the kingdom was controlled by the chief-minister, Sebastià £o Josà © de Carvalho e Mello, marquà ªs de Pombal, considered one of the greatest statesmen in modern Portuguese history. Although a ruthlessShow MoreRelatedThe History Of Portugal1582 Words   |  7 PagesAs one of the countries we examined to place a Dunkin’ Donuts, was Portugal. Portugal was founded as a republic in 1910 after a revolution had taken place. Since then Portugal has become a part of the National American Treaty Organization, the United Nations, and the European Union. They are still a 3 branch Republic with both a President and Prime Minister, where they have a Parliamentary Particracy government system. Here in this type of government one or more political parties will lead the governmentRead MoreHow Tap Portugal Changed The World1329 Words   |  6 PagesTAP is one of them. TAP Portugal has been the pride of many Portuguese people throughout the world. TAP is not only the national carrier, but also the vehicle of transportation that brings one to the home country. TAP Portugal like various airlines throughout the world, has suffered immensely for survival in such a competitive market throughout the years. With 61 years of existence, TAP’s history is quite extensive. TAP Portugal was not the first airline in Portugal. A few airlines had startedRead MoreSpain and Portugal conquered the Americas,1600 Words   |  7 PagesIn this paper we will be talking about how Spain and Portugal conquered the Americas, their relationship between the economy, their education system, and their present day relationship. Throughout the paper you will start to realize that Spain and Portugal are very similar countries, maybe due to the fact that they’re both European counties. They have the same educational system, and government system. Spain and Portugal have a long history; they go all the way back to the1492 .Which is when ColumbusRead MoreCulture of Portugal1629 Words   |  7 PagesCulture of Portugal The country of Portugal has many rich cultural facets in food, music and sports. Situated on the west coast of the Iberian Peninsula that it shares with Spain, Portugal’s culture was shaped by the influences from the Latin, Visigoth and Muslim cultures. Many men in Portugal go into the Atlantic to catch fish while the women are homebound doing chores like house work or cleaning the fish. The men are the bread winners while the women are the housewives who take care of the homeRead More Little Portugal Fills Big Shoes Essay1728 Words   |  7 PagesLying west of Spain and East of the North Atlantic Ocean is a small country no bigger than the state of Indiana (World Factbook). Portugal, this mistakenly insignificant land, quickly made an impression on European exploration beginning in the early thirteenth century. It was not long before neighboring areas looked to this successful country for tactics concerning discovery. But exactly how did this small piece of land with fe w inhabitants manage to stand above its competition for quite someRead More The Growth of Portuguese Immigrants and their ensuing importance in America Society1505 Words   |  6 PagesDream. While most immigrants that came to America worked factory jobs, the Portuguese came for whaling, fishing, ship making, and the aquaculture industry. There was a need for the new wave of Portuguese immigrants to be close to the water since Portugal resides along the Atlantic Ocean, so therefore they settled in regions such as: Southern New England, San Francisco Bay, California, and Hawaii. Considering Portugal’s close approximation to the water, one may understand why mostly all PortugueseRead MoreDecriminalization Is On The Rise920 Words   |  4 Pagesdecriminalization is on the rise. Advocates for legalization of drugs across Europe have touted Portugal s success and have tried to use it as a unilateral expression of decriminalization as a complete success. Portugal s success is ve ry much also attributed to an overhaul on the healthcare and treatment of drug addicts rather than being the simple result of decriminalization (Aleem). The Czech Republic recently joined Portugal in decriminalizing drugs in 2010. The mainufacture and distribution of drugs areRead Moreâ€Å"Compare and Contrast the Early Colonial Empires of Portugal, Spain, and England in Terms of Motives, Economic Foundations and Relations with Africans and Indians. What Factors Contributed to the Similarities and/or Differences?1081 Words   |  5 PagesREWRITE The three colonial empires of Portugal, Spain, and England were the most dominate in the fight for land in the Americas. While the motivations for these three colonial empires were similar and all of the Native Americans and/or Africans saw the Spanish Portuguese and English as one brutally similar people, economic differences between the three of them would ensure that their colonies would develop in dramatically unique ways. Portugal was one of the, if not the only, technologicalRead MoreKing Affonso I of Congo - His life, Accomplishments, and Importance of his Anti-slavery work1083 Words   |  5 Pages King Affonso I, the venerated king of Congo, is one of the most influential and groundbreaking characters in the history of Africa. Once he converted to Christianity and became king, Affonso realized the abhorrence of slavery withing his state, for it was completely destroying his country through depopulation. Consequently, he sent a letter to King John of Portugal in 1526, outlining his hopes to eradicate Portugese influence upon his country. Ultimately, King Affonso I of Congo proves to be oneRead MoreUnification of Spain1648 Words   |  7 Pagestortured to death or burned at the stake. Portugal, one of the all mighty Iberian Sates, was in a hard-hitting competition with Spain, another Iberian State. According to the textbook, Portugal was losing manpower and resources needed to control a va st empire of three continents. Spain on the other hand, depleted their newfound wealth on wars and other unnecessary things when they should have been developing their economy (Wallbank et al.482). Portugal and Spain were battling for greatness, immortality

Psychology of law Free Essays

Even though psychological region is the primary cause of police-induced false confessions, individuals differ In their ability to withstand interrogation pressure and thus in their susceptibility to making false confessions. All other things being equal, those who are highly suggestible or compliant are more likely to confess falsely. Interrogative suggestibility tends to be heightened by sleep deprivation, fatigue, and drug or alcohol withdrawal. We will write a custom essay sample on Psychology of law or any similar topic only for you Order Now Individuals who are highly compliant tend to be conflict avoidance, acquiescent, and eager to please others, especially authority figures. With these coercive tactics, the police play on these weaknesses and pray on the Individuals. This is a problem even if the individual is in fact guilty but is much more of a problem when the individual is innocent and gives a false confession. Authorities. Researchers and the media have focused a growing awareness of incidences of coerced false confessions, as well as the associated personal and legal implications involved. The Innocence Project, a non-profit legal clinic that assists those wrongfully convicted of crimes, claims that 8% of wrongful convictions are due o forced confessions prompted by police. Consequently, measures have been taken to try and reduce their frequency. There are many aspects in which coercive tactics are problematic but for the sake of this essay I will focus solely on its leading to false confessions. In the past two decades, hundreds of convicted prisoners have been exonerated by DNA and non-DNA evidence, revealing that police-induced false confessions are a leading cause of wrongful conviction of the innocent. Although the prevalence rate is unknown, recent analyses reveal that 20 to 25% of prisoners exonerated by DNA had confessed to police. In the Central Park Jogger case, for example, all five Juveniles falsely confessed after lengthy unrecorded Interrogations In which they were yelled at, lied to, threatened, and promised Immunity In exchange for their admissions to participating in the assault and rape. In 15 to 20 percent of the DNA cases, police-induced false confessions were the primary cause of the wrongful conviction. Once detectives misclassifying an innocent person as a guilty suspect, they often subject him to an customarily interrogation. Getting a confession becomes particularly I OFF profile cases in which there is great pressure on police detectives to solve the crime, there is no other source of potential evidence to be discovered, and typically there is no credible evidence against an innocent but misclassified suspect. It is perhaps not surprising that most documented false confessions occur in homicides and high- profile cases. In these cases the police have the capability of being very coercive, which in turn can cause false confessions. Once the interrogation commences, the primary cause of police-induced false confession is psychologically coercive police ethos. Psychological coercion can be defined in two ways: police use of interrogation techniques that are regarded as inherently coercive in psychology and law, or police use of interrogation techniques that, cumulatively, cause a suspect to perceive that he has no choice but to comply with the interrogators’ demands. Usually these amount to the same thing. Psychologically coercive interrogation techniques include some examples, such as deprivations (of food, sleep, water, or access to bathroom facilities), incommunicado interrogation, and induction of extreme exhaustion and fatigue. In the modern era, however, these techniques are rare in domestic police interrogations. Instead, when today’s police interrogators employ psychologically coercive techniques, they usually consist of (implicit or express) promises of leniency and threats of harsher treatment. As Offset and Leo have written, â€Å"the modern equivalent to the rubber hose is the indirect threat communicated through pragmatic implication†. Threats and promises can take a variety of forms, and they are usually repeated, developed, and elaborated over the ours of the interrogation. Most documented false confessions in recent decades have been directly caused by or have involved promises or threats. Another form of psychological coercion, causing a suspect to perceive that he has no choice but to comply with the wishes of the interrogator, is not specific to any one technique but may be the cumulative result of the interrogation methods as a whole. If one understands the psychological structure and logic of contemporary interrogation, it is not difficult to see how it can produce this effect. The custodial environment and hysterical confinement are intended to isolate and disembowel the suspect. Interrogation is designed to be stressful and unpleasant, and it is more stressful and unpleasant the more intense it becomes and the longer it lasts. Interrogation techniques are meant to cause the suspect to perceive that his guilt has been established beyond any conceivable doubt, that no one will believe his claims of innocence, and that by continuing to deny the detectives’ accusations he will only make his situation (and the ultimate outcome of the case against him) much worse. The suspect may perceive that he has no choice but to comply with the detectives’ wishes, because he is fatigued, worn down, or simply sees no other way to escape an intolerably stressful experience. Some suspects come to believe that the only way they will be able to leave is if they do what the detectives say. Others comply because they are led to believe that it is the only way to avoid a feared outcome (e. G. , homosexual rape in prison). When a suspect perceives that he has no choice but to comply, his resultant compliance and confession are, by definition, involuntary and the product of coercion. How to cite Psychology of law, Papers

Importance of the Facilities Management-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Select a local Organisation and Explain how the Facilities Management Contributes in sustaining the Organisation's profit with its facility Operations. Answer: Introduction and Company Background Northpoint City, suburban shopping mall was opened in 1992 in Singapore. It is one of the first major shopping mall of the country. It is situated neat most of the major transportation mediums and several leading brands such as Cold Storage, Harvey Norman and Timezone are situated in the shopping center. In 2001, the shopping center initiated a refurbishment program in which all the interiors and flooring of the organization are replaced. In 2008, a new annex was opened in the shopping Centre which increased the floor area of the place. Presently, it is one of the largest shopping mall in the country (Today, 2017). The shopping mall is the host to several brands and requires efficient management of all the resources. The facility manager is the personnel who manages all the issues and situations regarding the infrastructure, sanitation, cleanliness and security. In the public places like shopping malls, facility management is very necessary as a large crown accumulates at a single pl ace. The amount of waste generated is equivalent to the number of people arriving at the shopping mall; therefore, it requires efficient facility management practices. Company Analysis: Facilities Management Unique Value Proposition Northpoint City is a part of the service industry; therefore, it provides unique solution to the customers. The value proposition of the company is its dependability on the customer-oriented solutions. It is necessary for the organization to operate efficiently and address the needs of all the customers entering the shopping center. The building management system should be able to operate efficiently and cater to the needs of all the outlets and the shoppers who enter the shopping Centre. The company should have a building automation system, a security management system and an energy management system for the operations. It is one of the largest building in the vicinity and requires efficient management of the building resources. The facility manager must be able to provide adequate number of security persons, cleaning staff and other frontline staff to handle the operations of the building in an efficient manner (Atkin Brooks, 2014). The facility management department of the organization can collaborate with the HR (Human Resource) and other department to maintain an adequate supply of the employees. The facility manager also has to actively interact with the accounts or the finance department in developing the payroll of different employees. The basic fundamental of the facility management is to increase the productivity of the organization and support the companys performance. Sustaining the Value of Facilities Management The facility management has recently developed as a business disciple. However, it is essential in the operations of the organization and running the business enterprise smoothly and efficiently. The facility management is encompasses all the back-stage or the supporting functions. The basic function of a facility manager is to assure that the organization has adequate infrastructure to meet its day-to-day operations. Other than that, the facility manager also assures adequate supply of front-line staff in the organization (Best, Valence Langston, 2007). The mission and the objective of the organization is to provide convenient shopping facilities to the customers. The facility management department of the organization increases the convenience of the customers inside the shopping center. They assure that the place is clean and hygienic before the shoppers enter the shopping center. The facility management also enhance of the employees by building efficient teams and designing work environments to increase the productivity of each and every employee. The shopping centers are the major contributor to the economy; therefore, the investment in these enterprises in increasingly done by the government. With the development of shopping malls in Singapore, the importance of facility management in the organization has increased. Currently, the organizations are including facility management at the initial stage of the building development or designing to increase the overall efficiency. The investment in the facilities management is focused to minimize the operational cost and increase the efficiency. The facilities provided to the customers in the shopping centers include parking space, restrooms, heating, air conditioning and the ventilation facilities. The facilities mentioned above the necessary and plays a crucial role in attracting tenants and visitors to visit th e shopping center. The facility manager assures that all these facilities are available to the customers in an easy and accessible manner (Appleby, 2013). The safety and hygiene in these places is also a crucial aspect of the facility management in these operations. Initiating Facilities Improvement Project The operations of the building requires substantial investment to accommodate and support several activities. The facility manger has to take into account several competing needs related to the organizations performance. The facility management also has a role in establishing optimal working and business environment for the organization (Wang, Wang, Wang, Yung Jun, 2013). There should be proper application of facility management techniques for designing cost-effective and providing value-based services to the customers. In the shopping center, the facility management techniques entails several range of services such as real estate management, health and safety contract, building maintenance and utility supply. The utility supply includes seamless supply of electricity and water in the premises. The consumption of water or electricity is very high in such places (Andersen, Andersen, Jensen Rasmussen, 2014). The facility manager should understand that there should not be reliance on a single source and there must be two-three suppliers for the basic amenities. Other services such as cleaning and security is also a part of the facility management. In the traditional shopping centers, in-house management focuses on arranging the facilities for the business organizations. However, it is not a cost-effective option. There are several issues in in-house facility managers. The organization has to pay a high amount for the same services. Therefore, outsourcing these services will be a better option for the organization. There are several issues unclean areas, leak in ceiling and faulty air conditioning (Pheng Rui, 2016). The successful FM personnel need to adapt the working to suit the overall objectives of the center achieved. Initiating Facilities Improvement It is the responsibility of the business enterprise to optimize the use of space and manage the location in an efficient manner. The business entity is aligned and committed to the process of the business operations. All the employees of the facility management need to maintain the good reputation of the organization. The mission of the facility management is to contribute to the objectives of the organization and cater to the satisfaction of the client. In the shopping Centre, all the team members have a different role which is focused to increase the efficiency. The facility management of the organization is multi-faceted in its approach. It is important to effectively communicate with all the stakeholders and manage relationships with different stakeholders such as landlord, managing retailers, subcontractors, local authorities and the emergency services (Payne, 2009). The facility management had always been present at the public places or large shopping malls. However, differenti ation and nomenclature of this industry has recently been conducted. In the recent times, the intervention of the facilities management is in the earlier stage of Shopping Centre Design and it is often a part of their construction process of the center. The facility management is integrated as a part of the people, place and potential approach. According to this approach, the workplace is designed in such a manner that it ergonomically meets the daily operations and productivity of the organization. Recently, in the shopping center, the approach of total facilities support has been taken. According to this approach, the cost-containment strategy is applied. It is a new method of enhancing the efficiency of the service delivery, controlling the service charge and creating new revenue stream for the building. It achieved the economy-of-scale by determining a single service provider for the services. The service provider will control all the day-to-day operations such as the maintenance, security and cleaning. Other services which can be sold or outsourced to other businesses are included in the facility management (Kassem, Kelly, Dawood, Serginson Lockley, 2015). Currently, facilities management offers integrated and operational management approach for the shopping centers, agents and the property owners. The model is focused to identify the efficiency, increase the benefit and utilize the money gained through the facility management in the organizations operations. Evaluation recommendations: control and contingency plan In the facilities management, partnership is an integral part which increases the efficiency in the bottom line or the front line operations. The managers can focus on maximizing the revenue for the tenants and increasing the revenue stream for the service provider. In the current times, the importance of the facility management in the shopping center has been realized and it is considered as an important part of cleaning, security, mechanical and electric support in the organization. However, regarding the operations in the shopping Centre in Singapore, there are several challenges which creates issues in the successful operations of the organization. The most important issue is creating a healthy and safe environment in an environment wherein a large number of public is present at any given time. The facility management also has to match the support service with the daily footfall which varies with time or season (Rondeau, Brown Lapides, 2017). It is also a challenge to manage the different funding and dual operations which equally focus on the asset enhancement and replacement as well as focus on the repair and maintenance of the organization. The facility management in the retail environment is subject to certain constraints. It is important to recruit talented candidates who can address the public access facility and maintaining the critical services which may affect the operations of the organization. Moreover, in the retail environment, there is huge pressure regarding the cost-containment. In shopping centers, footfall is considered as a major factor in evaluating the facility management operations required. If the footfall is high, more waste will be generated and more facilities will be needed to be cleaned. It can be deduced that the facility management methods are efficient in improving the security, safety and the hygiene of the organization. The facility manager needs to implement the contingency plan so that the operations of the organization do not hinder. The organization has some buffer in the staffing process so that the staffing shortage never occurs. Conclusion It can be concluded that in Singapore shopping centers, the facility management is perceived as a solution for the operational matters rather than the strategic matters. The shopping centers are considered as the custody of the property manager and property owner has the responsibility to ensure that there is high investment value of the organization. Other than that, it is considered that objectives of the various stakeholders are achieved with the help of facility management. In the present times, the operational cost in the shopping centre is constantly under pressure due to low profitability of the industry. However, there is an opportunity to change the infrastructure and the space delivered with the help of facility management. The property owner or manager should seek novel ways regarding how the property should be managed so that the organization can save in the non-core activities of the organization. However, if the facility manager s outsourced these activities, then it on ly provides short term solution. On the other hand, a long-term solution can only be provided when the facility manager improves the services, enhance their quality or reduce the anticipated cost. References Andersen, P. D., Andersen, A. D., Jensen, P. A., Rasmussen, B. (2014). Sectoral innovation system foresight in practice: Nordic facilities management foresight.Futures,61, 33-44. Appleby, P. (2013). Sustainable Retrofit and Facilities Management. Routledge. Atkin, B., Brooks, A. (2014).Total facility management. John Wiley Sons. Best, R., Valence, G., Langston, C. (2007). Workplace Strategies and Facilities Management. Routledge. Kassem, M., Kelly, G., Dawood, N., Serginson, M., Lockley, S. (2015). BIM in facilities management applications: a case study of a large university complex.Built Environment Project and Asset Management,5(3), 261-277. Payne, T. (2009). Facilities Management: A Strategy For Success. Chartridge Books Oxford. Pheng, l.S. Rui, z. (2016). Service Quality for Facilities Management in Hospitals. Springer, Rondeau, E.P., Brown, R.K., Lapides, p. (2017). Facility Management. John Wiley Sons. Wang, Y., Wang, X., Wang, J., Yung, P., Jun, G. (2013). Engagement of facilities management in design stage through BIM: framework and a case study.Advances in Civil Engineering,2013. Today. (2017). Singapores largest mall in the north to open in Yishun this year. Retrieved 2 December 2017 from https://www.todayonline.com/business/property/largest-mall-northern-spore-open-yishun-year